The newly excavated fish ponds lack silt at the bottom, and the water appears slimy with a muddy texture. There is a limited presence of floating plants and animals, resulting in poor oxygen production and an increased risk of oxygen deficiency. Some of these waters may contain high levels of heavy metal salts or toxic substances, which can be irritating to fish, leading to diseases that negatively impact productivity. To ensure high fish yields in these newly dug ponds, it's essential to implement additional technical measures beyond regular management.
First, thoroughly clean the pond and disinfect the slopes and embankments to prevent water leakage. Before stocking, it's crucial to soak the pond in fresh water for several days, then drain and repeat the process. This helps remove harmful heavy metals and toxins. Seven to ten days before introducing fish, apply quicklime to disinfect the pond. A general recommendation is 75 grams of lime per square meter, or 150 kg of lime per acre with a 1-meter depth of water. This not only sterilizes the pond but also improves the bottom conditions.
Second, apply sufficient base fertilizer during the third irrigation to enrich the water and promote plankton growth, providing natural food for the fish. Use livestock manure such as pig or cow dung, typically 500–600 kg per mu, about 7–15 days before stocking. You can also add 30–40 kg of chemical fertilizer per mu to boost plankton development.
Third, choose healthy fish seedlings with a depth of 1.5–2 meters, light gray or white color, and maintain a transparency of around 30 cm. The water should not be too rich, as this can cause fry to suffocate. Stock herbivorous fish first, supplemented with omnivores and plankton feeders, adjusting numbers based on water quality, oxygen equipment, and fish size. Typically, 800–1,000 fish per mu can yield 400–500 kg annually. Grass carp and silver carp should make up 60%, while other species account for 30% and 10%. Fish should be stocked in winter, with fingerlings over 16.5 cm in size, and deeper waters requiring 20 cm or more for better growth.
Fourth, regularly apply lime to reduce mud and improve water clarity, which supports fish respiration and plankton growth. Apply 20–30 kg of lime per acre every 10–15 days.
Fifth, use scientific fertilization and feeding methods, primarily using human urine and organic manure. Apply 150–250 kg of manure per mu, and supplement with aquatic grasses, dry grass, bean cakes, or oyster meal for grass carp or mixed species. Process these into compound feeds and adjust quantities based on water conditions, temperature, and weather to maintain a dark brown or greenish water color.
Sixth, focus on disease prevention by regularly disinfecting fish, tools, and feeding areas. If disease occurs, treat it promptly with remedies like fish blood, four-yellow powder, or fish insecticides to combat infections, gill issues, and parasites.
Lastly, monitor water quality closely, especially in the early stages when dissolved oxygen levels are low. Regularly replace water and keep the pond free of weeds, debris, and leftover bait. In hot or rainy weather, watch for signs of floating fish or death and take immediate action to prevent losses.
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