The newly excavated fish ponds show poor water quality, with no silt at the bottom and a muddy, slimy appearance. There is limited aquatic vegetation and wildlife, leading to low oxygen production and frequent oxygen deficiency. Some ponds contain high levels of heavy metals or toxic substances, which can be harmful to fish, increasing the risk of disease and reducing economic returns. To ensure high fish yields in these new ponds, it's essential to implement additional technical measures beyond regular management:
1. **Thorough Cleaning and Disinfection**: Before stocking fish, the pond should be completely cleaned, disinfected, and leveled to prevent water leakage. Freshwater soaking is recommended—filling the pond, letting it sit for several days, then draining and refilling again. This helps remove harmful heavy metals and toxins. Seven to ten days before stocking, apply quicklime (75 grams per square meter or 150 kg per acre with 1 meter depth) to disinfect the pond and improve the bottom structure.
2. **Applying Basal Fertilizer**: When the third irrigation is done, add sufficient base fertilizer to enhance water fertility and promote plankton growth, which serves as natural food for fish. Use livestock manure (500–600 kg per mu) 7–15 days before stocking. You can also use 30–40 kg of chemical fertilizer per mu to boost plankton population.
3. **Selecting Quality Fish Seedlings**: Choose healthy fish fry with a depth of 1.5–2 meters, light gray-white color, and maintain a transparency of about 30 cm. Avoid overly rich water, as this can lead to floating head issues. Stock herbivorous fish first, supplemented by omnivores, adjusting numbers based on water conditions, oxygen levels, and farming techniques. Typically, 800–1000 fish per mu can yield 400–500 kg annually. Grass carp and silver carp should make up 60%, while other species account for 10%. Fry should be over 16.5 cm, with larger fish needing deeper waters (20 cm+) to grow faster.
4. **Regular Lime Application**: Apply lime every 10–15 days to reduce mud and improve water clarity, which benefits both fish respiration and plankton growth. Use 20–30 kg of lime per acre to treat the entire pond.
5. **Scientific Feeding and Fertilization**: Use human urine and organic manure as primary fertilizers, applying them in small amounts regularly. For grass carp or herring ponds, supplement with bait such as aquatic plants, dry grass, bean cakes, or oyster meal. Process into compound feed for better nutrition. Adjust feeding based on water quality, weather, and temperature to keep the water dark brown or greenish.
6. **Disease Prevention and Control**: Regularly disinfect fish, equipment, and feeding areas to reduce pathogen presence. If diseases occur, treat them promptly using remedies like fish blood, four-yellow powder, or fish insect medicine to address issues like enteritis and gill infections.
7. **Preventing Fish Floating**: Newly dug ponds need time to stabilize dissolved oxygen and other ecological factors. Monitor early and late daily, and replace water when necessary. Keep the pond free of weeds, debris, and leftover bait. In the early stages, the environment may be poor, but as fish grow, more attention is needed. During hot or rainy weather, watch for floating heads or dead fish and take immediate action to resolve the issue.
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