During the entire growth cycle of Cyclamen, the types and severity of pests and diseases can vary greatly depending on environmental conditions. As a result, certain pests tend to be more prevalent. Here are the most common ones:
First, aphids: Symptoms include curled leaf margins, brown and shiny leaves, leaf deformation, black rot in buds, and petals that fail to open properly, leading to abnormal flowering. These pests feed on sap from young leaves and tender shoots. They thrive in high-temperature, dry, and poorly ventilated conditions—especially during summer. Control methods include applying emulsions such as dicofol, buprofezin, and chlorpheniramine, with special attention to young leaves, buds, and the center of the bulb. Since aphids are highly resistant, it’s important to alternate between different pesticides. Additionally, when preparing the growing medium, you can add 1 kg of 3% carbofuran per cubic meter.
Second, thrips: Symptoms include wrinkled, yellowing leaves that fall off, and stunted plant growth. Thrips mainly feed on the underside of young leaves and shoots. They are more active in hot and humid environments, especially as spring temperatures rise. Control measures involve spraying insecticides like dichlorvos, omethoate, and phoxim, focusing on the back of the leaves. Due to their strong resistance, multiple products should be rotated. Sticky traps can also be used effectively for control.
Third, cockroaches (or similar pests): Symptoms include leaf holes and incomplete leaf development. These pests target young leaves and top shoots. Manual removal is an effective method. Reducing humidity in the greenhouse, maintaining cleanliness, and eliminating excess moisture can help prevent infestations.
Fourth, cabbage worms: Leaves show signs of being chewed, with holes and gaps along the edges. These pests feed on young shoots, leaves, buds, and petals, often on the underside of the leaves. To manage them, spray insecticides like enemy kills, trichlorfon, or dichlorvos. Biological pesticides such as Bt suspension can also be used for larval control. Spraying dichlorvos in greenhouse corners helps eliminate eggs, while keeping the area around the greenhouse clean is essential.
Fifth, Cyclamen flies: These pests attack the roots and bulbs of Cyclamen, causing internal damage that leads to wilting, yellowing, and even plant death in severe cases. Control involves targeting both larvae and adult flies. Larvae can be controlled using trichlorfon, dichlorvos, omethoate, or phoxim. Adult flies can be sprayed with similar insecticides. When preparing the growing medium, adding 1 kg of 3% carbofuran per cubic meter can help prevent infestations.
By understanding these pests and implementing timely control measures, Cyclamen growers can significantly reduce damage and maintain healthy plants throughout the growing season.
Phenibut FAA
Preparation of Fenebute
1. Prepare the first intermediate
Benzaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate into ethanol, stir at room temperature under the catalysis of organic alkali reaction with filter cake filtration after 45 ~ 50 h, after the completion of the filter with ethanol elution filter cake, dry cake solids, then ethanol filtrate concentrated to a quarter of the original volume, to cold, concentrate filtering alcohol washing, solid, merging two solid is the first intermediate; The mole ratio of benzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and ethanol is 1:2.5 -3:12-15.
2. Prepare the second intermediate
The first intermediate is added to the mass concentration of 20% sodium hydroxide solution, and the reaction is stirred at 85-90°C for 2-5 hours. After filtration, the filter cake is used for filtration. After filtration, the filter cake is washed, the filtrate is combined and cooled, and the filtrate is cooled by stirring for 3h. Solid second intermediate; The mass ratio of the first intermediate to the sodium hydroxide solution is I: 1.8-2.0;
3. Prepare the third intermediate
The second intermediate was dissolved in pure acetic anhydride solution for reflux 3 ~ 5h. After the reflux, the acetic anhydride was concentrated and dissolved with toluene. After the dissolution, ammonia water was added, and the reaction took place at 60_65°C for 1 ~ 1.5 h. Filtrate, wash and dry the precipitated solid to get the solid third intermediate; The mass ratio of the second intermediate, pure acetic anhydride solution, toluene and ammonia water is 5:1-1.2:0.5-0.8:0.5-0.8;
4. Prepare Finebute
The third intermediate was dissolved in 25% sodium hydroxide solution and cooled to _5°C ~ 10°C. After cooling, sodium hypochlorite was added slowly within 15-20min for 1h reaction, followed by ice bath reaction of 0.5 ~ 1.5 h and water bath reaction of 0.5 ~ 1.5 h. Finally, the temperature was gradually increased to 60 ~ 80°C for 1-5 h, and the reaction was cooled again after completion. After cooling, hydrochloric acid was added in the ice water bath to adjust the PH to 2, and the decolorization was stirred at room temperature. After filtration, sodium hydroxide was added in the ice water bath to adjust the PH to 6-7, and the cooling was stirred for 2 hours. The mass ratio of the third intermediate, sodium hydroxide solution and sodium hypochlorite is 1.0:0.8-1.0:1.0-1.1.
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