In the high-temperature season, vegetables such as celery, cabbage, broccoli, Chinese cabbage, mustard, lettuce, and autumn greenhouse crops, along with solanaceous plants, are commonly cultivated. Practical farming experience shows that in addition to selecting strong, healthy seedlings, it is essential to avoid planting these crops in the same plot for at least three years. Moreover, five key protective measures should be implemented to ensure successful growth:
First, protect against high temperatures. Lettuce and celery seeds often struggle to germinate in extreme heat. To improve germination, soak the seeds for six hours, then wrap them in damp gauze and place them in a well 10 cm below the water surface, or put them in a refrigerator at low temperatures—celery at 3–6°C for 48 hours, and lettuce at 8°C for 72 hours. This helps boost germination rates. Avoid sowing during the hottest part of the day; instead, choose early morning or late afternoon, or plant on cloudy days. After sowing, cover the seedbeds with straw, straw curtains, shade nets, or non-woven fabrics to shield young sprouts from direct sunlight.
Second, guard against storms. Summer rains can cause soil compaction, which hinders germination and seedling emergence. To reduce this risk, select a high and dry area for the seedbed, use sandy loam soil in areas prone to heavy rain, ensure proper drainage around the beds, and use temporary covers to minimize damage. After rain, gently cultivate the soil, mound the earth, and straighten any tilted seedlings.
Third, prevent drought. Before sowing, make sure the seedbed is thoroughly watered. You can either water the planting area first and then sow, or prepare the site with full moisture before sowing. Cover the bed with plastic film after sowing and remove it once the seedlings emerge. Water in the early morning and late evening to maintain moisture. For efficient watering, use the "instant hole method": after planting the first hole, do not cover it immediately. When digging the next hole, use the moist soil from the second hole to cover the first one.
Fourth, manage adult pests. During hot weather, seedlings grow rapidly, so regular watering and timely thinning of seedlings are important to provide enough space. At the 2–4 leaf stage, apply an 800-fold solution of ethephon or a 1000-fold solution of paclobutrazol. For greenhouse solanaceous crops, a 1000-fold solution of chlormequat can also be used to prevent elongated stems and weak foliage. These treatments result in thicker, darker green leaves and promote better flower bud development.
Fifth, control pests and diseases. High temperatures increase the risk of viral infections. To prevent this, choose virus-resistant varieties, treat mustard and tomato seeds by soaking them in 10% trisodium phosphate diluted 1000 times for 10 minutes, or vaccinate tomatoes with an attenuated vaccine. Use nylon netting or silver-gray mulch to deter pests, and promptly remove any infected plants to prevent spread. These steps help maintain healthy seedlings and ensure a successful growing season.
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