Cotton - watermelon nesting
Cotton and watermelon intercropping is a sustainable agricultural practice that requires careful planning and timing. One of the key factors in this system is shortening the symbiosis period between the two crops to optimize resource use and minimize competition. For this, early- to mid-season watermelon varieties are selected for their shorter growth cycle, while high-yield, insect-resistant cotton varieties with strong growth habits and no early decline are preferred.
Watermelon sowing typically begins around April 15th when the soil temperature at 0–10 cm depth stabilizes above 13°C. Cotton is sown later, around April 25th, when the top 5 cm of soil reaches at least 15°C. The intercropping layout involves two plastic mulch beds, spaced 70–80 cm apart. On each bed, watermelons are planted with a row spacing of 150 cm and an in-row distance of 40 cm, resulting in a density of about 1,100 plants per mu. Cotton is then planted either as one or two rows on the same bed, depending on the desired configuration. For example, one row of watermelon intercropped with two rows of cotton would have a cotton spacing of 40 cm, with a density of 2,000 plants per mu.
Fertilization is critical throughout the growing season. A base fertilizer application includes 4–5 cubic meters of farmyard manure, 25 kg of diammonium phosphate, 25 kg of ammonium bicarbonate, and 10 kg of potash, applied evenly during early spring. As cotton enters its flowering stage, additional nutrients are needed. Before visible flowers appear, a mix of 25 kg of specialized cotton fertilizer and 5 kg of urea is used to address phosphorus and potassium deficiencies, preventing premature plant decline. Fertilizer can be applied through furrowing or using liquid injection devices.
During the peak fruit development phase of watermelons, which accounts for over 70% of total nutrient demand, an additional 10–15 kg of urea per mu is recommended to support fruit enlargement and yield increase. This can be done via point application or liquid fertilization systems.
After the watermelon harvest in mid-July, 10–20 kg of urea per mu is applied to promote cotton growth and strengthen its structure for the late season. This can be done through flooding, trench application, or combined irrigation. If signs of early cotton aging appear in early August, an additional 7.5–10 kg of urea per mu should be applied to restore vigor.
Pruning methods vary depending on the variety. For medium-early maturing watermelon varieties (around 1,500 strains), the three-vine pruning method is recommended—retaining the main vine and two strong lateral vines. For grafted watermelon varieties, the multi-vine method is used, keeping the main vine and three strong side vines while removing excess growth. Regular guava management (3–4 times) helps control vine spread, prevent excessive vegetative growth, and improve fruit and cotton development.
Watermelon is a dioecious plant, relying on insect pollination. During the early growth stage, especially under low temperatures, natural pollination rates may be low. Artificial pollination is therefore essential, increasing fruit set by over 80%. Pollination should take place between 6–8 am; on cloudy days, it can be delayed until 10 am. To perform artificial pollination, a male flower is removed, and its pollen is gently brushed onto the stigma of a female flower. Each male flower can pollinate up to two female flowers. Fruit setting should occur on the second female flower of the main vine or the first of a side vine, ensuring uniform ripening and timely harvesting.
When cotton reaches the stage of having 78 true leaves and starts budding, two rounds of leaf pruning are necessary to encourage a dense canopy. Axillary buds must be removed regularly to reduce nutrient waste. The cotton topping should be done between July 20–25 and August 20, removing all side branches, old leaves, and empty fruit branches to improve air circulation and reduce disease incidence.
Although insect-resistant cotton has reduced the prevalence of bollworms and red bollworms, other pests such as cotton aphids, spider mites, and cotton thrips still require monitoring. In recent years, pest populations have dropped by two-thirds, but issues like cotton-blind crickets remain a concern, causing significant yield loss in some fields. Therefore, continuous monitoring and targeted pest control measures are essential.
In the early stages of intercropping, cotton growth is often stunted due to competition from watermelon. To manage this, foliar sprays of 1 g of chlormequat chloride in 15 kg of water are applied at the first flowering stage to regulate growth. After 5–7 days, if heavy rainfall occurs, a second spray of 2.5–3 g per acre in 20–25 kg of water can help control excessive growth and enhance fruit setting.
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