Brown tomato disease, also known as early blight, is a widespread and serious fungal infection that affects eggplants throughout all growth stages, including after harvest. This disease causes significant economic losses, especially in field-grown eggplants, where damage is more severe compared to vegetable fields. It greatly impacts seed quality, and even if the fruit rots, it becomes unsuitable for seed collection.
**Symptoms of the Disease**
During the seedling stage, the base of the stem often develops brown to dark brown lesions, leading to wilting or standing plants. In the adult stage, infected leaves show small white spots that gradually expand into irregular-shaped lesions with brown borders and a yellowish center. These spots may develop long black streaks. The stem base and branches become discolored, forming fusiform (spindle-shaped) lesions with dark brown spots. Severe infections cause the lesions to merge into necrotic areas, resulting in cracked bark that exposes the white xylem. Affected stems are prone to breaking easily, especially in windy conditions. On the fruits, round or nearly circular brown lesions appear and spread across the entire fruit. The skin shrinks, and black spots arranged in concentric rings form along the veins. Eventually, the affected fruits rot and fall off, or dry up and remain attached to the plant.
**Control Methods**
1. **Use of Disease-Free Seeds**: Select seeds from healthy plants and avoid using seeds from infected sources. Soak purchased seeds in warm water at 55°C for 15 minutes or 50°C for 30 minutes, then cool and dry them before sowing. Alternatively, mix 1 part of 50% Formamide WP with 1 part of 50% phenirin wettable powder and 3 parts of fine soil to create a seed treatment powder. Apply this mixture at 0.1% of the dry seed weight.
2. **Sterilize Seedbeds**: Avoid replanting in the same area for 3–5 years. Use new nursery soil each year. For old beds, treat the soil with 10% of 50% carbendazim WP per square meter, or mix 8g of 50% omeprazole WP with 20kg of dry soil. Cover the seedlings with this medicated soil to prevent infection.
3. **Improve Cultivation Practices**: Implement crop rotation, use raised beds, apply mulch, and adjust the balance of N, P, and K fertilizers. Apply base fertilizers, drain excess water during rainy seasons, and irrigate appropriately in mid-to-late growth stages. Remove diseased leaves promptly to reduce disease sources. Strengthen plant health to improve resistance and lower disease incidence.
4. **Chemical Control**: Apply fungicides during the seedling stage or at the first sign of infection. Options include 38% metalaxyl-MnZn WP diluted 500 times, 64% mancozeb WP diluted 500 times, 40% methoxynon copper wettable powder diluted 700 times, or 70% mancozeb WP diluted 500 times. You can also use 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder diluted 600 times or a 1:1:200 Bordeaux mixture. Spray every day or every 7 days, applying 2–3 treatments as needed.
Hormone & Endocrine
Hormone:
A chemical
substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the activity of
certain cells or organs. Many hormones are secreted by special glands, such as
thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Hormones are essential for every
activity of life, including the processes of digestion, metabolism, growth,
reproduction, and mood control. Many hormones, such as neurotransmitters, are
active in more than one physical process.
Endocrine:
Pertaining to
hormones and the glands that make and secrete them into the bloodstream through
which they travel to affect distant organs. The endocrine sites include the
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids, heart
(which makes atrial-natriuretic peptide), the stomach and intestines, islets of
Langerhans in the pancreas, the adrenal glands, the kidney (which makes renin,
erythropoietin, and calcitriol), fat cells (which make leptin). the testes, the
ovarian follicle (estrogens) and the corpus luteum in the ovary). Endocrine is
as opposed to exocrine. (The exocrine glands include the salivary glands, sweat
glands and glands within the gastrointestinal tract.)
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