Otter is a natural feed that is widely used in aquaculture, especially for juvenile shrimps. It's commonly known as red worms and is rich in protein and essential oils, which support the growth and immune system of young shrimps. These organisms are easy to breed, have a short life cycle, and require minimal food, making them an efficient and sustainable feed option.
For optimal breeding conditions, the water temperature should be maintained between 15-25°C, with the ideal range being 18-20°C. They prefer low light environments, with daily illumination ranging from 9 to 15 hours. The pH level should be between 6 and 8, while dissolved oxygen saturation should be around 7% to 12%. The organic matter oxygen consumption should not exceed 20mg/l to ensure a healthy environment.
In terms of cultivation methods, each square meter of the culture area should be treated with 100g of quicklime for disinfection. The incoming water must be filtered through a 100-mesh sieve to prevent contamination. A mixture of compost (animal manure) is often added to stimulate bacterial and algal growth, providing a nutrient-rich environment for the leeches.
Rotifers are tiny aquatic organisms known for their fast reproduction and high nutritional value, making them ideal for feeding shrimp larvae. Their small size and swimming speed make them suitable for early-stage feeds. Rotifers can be cultivated in both freshwater and saltwater environments, with common species found naturally in these settings.
Large-scale rotifer cultivation typically takes place in earthen ponds or concrete tanks. The process involves cleaning the pond, encouraging algae growth, and maintaining regular management practices such as daily harvesting. Ponds are usually cleaned using bleaching powder at a concentration of 60 mg/l or rattan extract at 2 mg/l.
Artemia nauplii are highly nutritious, containing significant amounts of protein and fat, and their small size (around 0.5mm) makes them perfect for feeding juvenile shrimp. Adult Artemia are also beneficial for adult shrimp. To preserve Artemia eggs, they should be stored in dry conditions with moisture content below 9%, allowing them to remain viable for extended periods. Eggs hatched at room temperature after 2-3 months of incubation. Cryopreservation can extend egg survival, but they must be acclimated to room temperature for 1-2 weeks before hatching to maintain high hatching rates.
Before hatching, Artemia eggs should be washed and disinfected to remove contaminants and parasites. A conical flask is often used during incubation to separate the hatched larvae from the egg shells. Optimal hatching conditions include a temperature of 27-28°C, seawater density of 1.010g/ml or higher, light intensity above 1,000 lux, fully saturated dissolved oxygen, and a pH between 8 and 9. The eggs should be stirred gently to ensure even distribution.
Newly hatched nauplii should be fed immediately, as they are rich in energy. For example, studies show that feeding them with mink skin can reduce their dry weight by 20% and energy content by 27%.
The biological mud layer refers to a unique community of benthic algae and microorganisms that grow on the bottom of shrimp ponds. This layer contains protozoa, nematodes, mollusk larvae, and autotrophic bacteria, all of which contribute to a well-balanced diet for juvenile shrimps. It serves as a natural and nutritious feed source, supporting the overall health and development of the shrimp population.
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