Prevention and Control of Tomato Bacterial Soft Rot Disease

Tomato bacterial soft rot, caused by *Erwinia carotovora* subsp. *carotovora* (Jones) Bergey et al., is a widespread disease that affects tomato crops globally. This pathogen can cause significant damage, especially during warm and humid conditions. **Field Identification:** The disease primarily targets the fruit. Infection often begins through insect wounds or mechanical injuries, such as those caused by pruning or harvesting. Infected tissues become soft, water-soaked, and gradually expand, eventually leading to complete fruit rot. The pulp turns into a slimy mass, while the outer skin may remain intact but lose its shape. A foul odor is typically present in advanced stages of infection. **Cause of Infection:** The bacteria can survive in the soil over winter and infect plants through various entry points, including insect damage, wounds, or natural openings. The pathogen thrives in temperatures between 2°C and 40°C, with an optimal range of 25°C to 30°C. High humidity (over 95%) also favors its spread. Rain, irrigation, and insect vectors contribute to the transmission of the bacteria. Additionally, contaminated tools, manure, or improperly composted materials can serve as sources of infection. **Management Strategies:** 1. Practice proper crop rotation, use mulch, and manage irrigation carefully—avoid overwatering and ensure good drainage after rain. 2. Prune and handle plants during dry periods, avoiding work when leaves are wet to reduce the risk of spreading the bacteria. 3. Control pests such as aphids and fruit borers, which can create entry points for the pathogen. Maintain clean farming practices to minimize mechanical injuries. 4. Remove infected plants immediately upon detection. After harvest, thoroughly remove all diseased plant material and perform deep plowing to reduce pathogen buildup in the soil. 5. Apply bactericides at the early stage of infection. Options include 72% streptomycin sulfate diluted 4000 times, neomycin 4000 times, 40% copper oxychloride 8000 times, 25% copper ammonium solution 500 times, 30% green copper 400 times, or 56% mancozeb 800 times. By combining cultural, mechanical, and chemical control methods, growers can effectively manage tomato bacterial soft rot and protect their crops from significant losses.

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