Due to the advancement of greenhouse cultivation, the production of Chinese cabbage has now met the needs for year-round supply. This includes spring cabbage cultivated in plastic greenhouses, spring cabbage grown in open fields, summer cabbage, early-maturing varieties in autumn, and late-season cabbage. As an example, we will focus on the management techniques used in the cultivation of spring cabbage in a plastic greenhouse.
1. **Varieties and Seedlings**
(1) **Varieties**: Early-maturing varieties with strong cold resistance and good pod formation are commonly used. Popular choices include "Spring and Summer King" and "Luchunbai 1." These varieties are well-suited for controlled environments and can thrive under varying temperature conditions.
(2) **Seedling Preparation**: Most growers use electric heating beds for seedling propagation. The soil mix consists of 7 parts of fertile soil, 3 parts of decomposed organic manure, and 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer per cubic meter. This mixture is thoroughly blended and spread evenly in the seedbed. One week before sowing, seeds are soaked in water and then sown, covered lightly with soil. Germination is best at 20–25°C. After germination, the temperature should not drop below 15°C. During the seedling stage, it’s important to expose the plants to as much sunlight as possible, while avoiding additional fertilization unless necessary.
2. **Soil Preparation and Planting**
Before planting, it's recommended to rotate crops with non-cruciferous vegetables to prevent disease buildup. Deep plowing, drying, and proper soil leveling are essential. Apply 5,000 kg of organic fertilizer per 667 square meters, then level the field and create ridges. A ridge size of 60 cm by 40 cm is ideal for ease of management. Apply 30 kg of compound fertilizer per 667 square meters under each ridge. Planting should be done on sunny mornings. Maintain daytime temperatures between 20–25°C and nighttime temperatures above 15°C during the initial stages. No top-dressing is needed during the seedling period. Once the seedlings acclimate, adjust the temperature to 18–22°C during the day and 13–15°C at night.
3. **Watering and Fertilization**
Water management should follow a strategy of “promoting growth, applying fertilizer, and watering intensively†until harvest. The first watering should be done through the mulch film between rows, using drip irrigation if possible. Apply 15 kg of urea per 667 square meters when the plants begin to form rosettes. During the rosette stage, apply 20 kg of diammonium phosphate or compound fertilizer per 667 square meters, either mixed with water or applied directly. Stop watering 10 days before harvest to ensure better storage quality.
4. **Temperature Control and Light Management**
(1) **Temperature Requirements**: Different growth stages require specific temperature ranges. Germination needs 20–25°C, while the seedling stage prefers 22–25°C. The rosette stage requires an average daily temperature of 17–22°C, and the head formation stage (nodule period) benefits from 12–22°C. For optimal storage, the temperature should be kept between 0–2°C. Temperatures below -2°C may cause frost damage, while over 5°C can lead to rotting. The flowering and podding stage requires 17–20°C. Accumulated heat units are crucial, especially for late-maturing varieties, which require more time and heat to develop properly. Regional climate differences must be considered when selecting varieties and planting times.
(2) **Light Influence**: Light intensity plays a key role in the development of Chinese cabbage. While direct sunlight is sufficient during the day, the inner leaves often receive scattered light, which reduces photosynthesis. However, these plants have adapted to low-light conditions, allowing for close planting. Strong light encourages leaf spreading, while weak light makes leaves stand upright. Newer leaves are more responsive to light than older ones. The outer leaves of the head receive more light and tend to be more erect, while the inner leaves, receiving less light, contribute to the compact shape of the head.
5. **Harvesting, Storage, and Transportation**
Once the head has formed, Chinese cabbage should be harvested promptly, especially for varieties with tight heads. Proper timing ensures better quality and shelf life. After harvesting, store the cabbages in cool, dry conditions and transport them carefully to avoid bruising or damage. Timely harvesting and careful handling are essential for maintaining product quality and marketability.
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