The main working components of a cultivator are generally categorized into two types: shovel-type and rotary-type. Among these, the shovel-type is more commonly used and can be further divided into three subtypes: weeding shovel, loosening shovel, and soil-shaping shovel. Each serves a specific purpose in crop cultivation and soil management.
First, the weeding shovel is designed to remove weeds from between rows of crops. It comes in three variations: single-wing, winged, and ventilated. The single-wing weeding shovel is typically used for early-stage weed control, with a working depth usually not exceeding 6 cm. It consists of a horizontal spade and a vertical guard plate. The spade is ideal for use in alfalfa fields or loose soils, while the guard plate prevents soil compaction and includes cutting edges at the bottom to avoid clogging from grasses. In the cultivator setup, the single-blade shovel is placed on either side of the seedlings, resulting in left-wing and right-wing versions that require careful installation. The winged weeding shovel functions similarly but is often used in combination with the single-wing type to enhance efficiency.
Next, the loosening shovel is used to aerate the soil between crop rows without flipping it over. It can loosen soil up to a depth of 13–16 cm. This tool consists of a blade tip and a handle. The blade tip is the active part and comes in various shapes, including chisel-shaped, arrow-shaped, and birch-shaped. The chisel-shaped blade is narrow and flattens the soil during the process, ensuring consistent width. Though once common, this design is now less frequently used. The arrow-shaped loosening shovel features a triangular blade tip and a curved surface, which results in well-loosened soil with a smooth base after cultivation. Most modern Chinese cultivators now use this type. The birch-shaped ripper is suitable for initial tillage on ridges, with a triangular blade and a curved working surface similar to the arrow-shaped version, except that its wings extend backward significantly.
Lastly, the soil-shaping shovel is used for cultivating the soil and forming ridges. It can be classified into two types based on the shape of the working surface: curved and flat. The curved type has a circular arc-shaped blade tip and body, offering strong crushing power. Its left and right earthing walls are semi-rotary curved surfaces, giving it excellent soil-turning capability. During operation, it breaks up the soil rows and pushes them to both sides. The blade tip is narrow, making the ditch bottom relatively narrow, which enhances weeding effectiveness on the ridge sides. The spade blade and body are hinged, and the opening of the earthing walls is adjusted using a regulating wall, with an adjustable range of 275–430 mm to suit different row spacings. This type is widely used in dryland areas of northern China.
The flat-type soil-shaping shovel is more suitable for ridge areas in the northeast. It is mainly used for barnyardgrass removal and soil loosening, and can also form ridges when equipped with earthboards. Typically, a 200 mm wide birch plough is used in the first cultivation, replacing the earthboard. During the second pass, a 250 mm wide plough is used to adjust the earthboard to the middle position. In the third cultivation, a 350 mm wide triangular rake is used, allowing the earthboard to open to a larger or maximum angle. (Xue Yunlian)
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