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Tropical fish, as the name suggests, are native to warm, tropical waters. However, many ornamental fish species found in temperate zones near the tropics—such as parts of the northern and southern hemispheres—are also classified as tropical fish due to their vibrant colors and unique characteristics. This means that their natural range can extend into subtropical regions as well. These fish are broadly categorized into two groups: tropical freshwater fish and tropical marine (saltwater) fish.
Tropical marine fish are primarily found in coral reef ecosystems in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They are known for their striking appearances, vivid colors, and often complex body shapes. Many of them are masters of camouflage, blending seamlessly with their surroundings, which gives them an ancient and mysterious beauty. Popular sources for these fish include the Philippines, Taiwan, the South China Sea, Japan, Australia, Hawaii, India, the Red Sea, and the East Coast of Africa. Despite their wide distribution, many species remain undiscovered, making this group one of the most intriguing in the world of aquariums.
Tropical marine ornamental fish are considered one of the most promising categories in the aquarium trade, representing a future trend in the industry. However, their strict environmental needs make them less common in the market compared to other types of fish. In this article, we will focus on tropical freshwater fish, which are more commonly kept by hobbyists around the world.
Tropical fish are not just any ornamental fish—they are specifically those that originate from or thrive in tropical and subtropical climates. While most are native to the tropics, some species come from subtropical or even temperate regions and are still referred to as tropical fish. These fish typically require water temperatures above 20°C to survive, which is why they are often kept in heated aquariums. Over time, many tropical fish have been selectively bred in captivity, leading to the creation of new varieties such as colorful angelfish, blood red bettas, and parrot cichlids. Compared to goldfish, which have been bred for centuries, most tropical fish retain a closer resemblance to their wild ancestors.
Tropical freshwater ornamental fish mainly come from rivers and lakes in tropical and subtropical regions. They are highly diverse in size, shape, and color, making them visually stunning. In recent years, keeping tropical fish has become increasingly popular in both home and commercial settings. The term "tropical fish" often refers to these vibrant freshwater species that dance gracefully in aquariums. The first country to officially keep tropical fish was France, where in 1868, a fish known as the Paradise Fish (scientific name: Macropodus opercularis) was introduced to Paris. This species, originally a wild salmon from southern China, is also known as the Siamese fighting fish and was the first tropical freshwater fish to be artificially bred for display.
Although not all tropical fish are strictly from the tropics, they are generally defined as ornamental fish that can be kept in aquariums, excluding goldfish. Their lively colors, dynamic movements, and charming personalities make them highly popular among aquarists.
These fish are mainly found in three key regions: the Amazon River Basin in South America, Southeast Asia, and the Great Lakes of Africa. The Amazon region alone is home to the most diverse and beautifully shaped tropical fish, including the angelfish, often called the queen of tropical fish. Countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Myanmar also host a rich variety of species. In southern China, particularly in Yunnan and Guangdong provinces, there are some beautiful local ornamental fish, such as the white-tailed goldfish and blue star fish in Xishuangbanna, though their diversity is limited.
The classification of tropical fish is complex and varies across countries due to historical and geographical factors. Globally, it's estimated that there are no more than 20,000 species of tropical freshwater fish, with around 2,000 being ornamental. In China, approximately 500 tropical freshwater species have been recorded. Currently, tropical freshwater ornamental fish in China are classified as bony fish and grouped into several categories based on their biological features.
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