Peanuts are a crucial economic crop in China, valued for their high content of fats and proteins, making them both edible and suitable for animal feed. They serve as essential industrial raw materials and are also significant bulk commodities in international trade. Their wide range of applications gives them a prominent position in the national economy. Currently, the average peanut yield in China is around 3000 kg per square kilometer, but there's still great potential for increasing production. Implementing scientific and rational fertilization practices is one of the most effective ways to boost yield and quality.
Understanding the specific nutrient requirements of peanuts is key to achieving optimal growth. Here are the main nutritional needs:
1. **Nitrogen**: Nitrogen plays a vital role in the synthesis of proteins, chlorophyll, and phospholipids, which promote lush foliage, more flowers, and better pod development. A deficiency can lead to yellow or white leaves, red stems, reduced root nodules, and lower yields. However, excessive nitrogen may cause overgrowth and reduce quality.
2. **Phosphorus**: Phosphorus supports the formation of fats and proteins, aids in seed germination, and enhances root development and drought resistance. A lack of phosphorus can result in slow growth, poor root development, and underdeveloped pods.
3. **Potassium**: Potassium improves photosynthesis, helps transport nutrients throughout the plant, and increases disease and drought resistance. It also promotes symbiosis with rhizobia. Deficiency leads to poor metabolism, dark green leaf edges, and reduced productivity.
4. **Calcium**: Calcium boosts root and nodule development, improves pod filling, and reduces empty shells. It also helps regulate soil pH and supports microbial activity. Insufficient calcium results in weak growth and low yields.
In addition, trace elements like molybdenum, iron, manganese, boron, and sulfur are essential. Molybdenum is critical for nitrogen fixation by rhizobia, while iron is necessary for chlorophyll production. Boron aids in calcium uptake and reproductive processes, and sulfur is involved in protein synthesis.
To maximize yield and quality, fertilization should be based on these needs. Organic fertilizers should be the main source, supplemented with inorganic ones. This combination improves soil structure, enhances microbial activity, and reduces fertilizer loss.
**Base Fertilization**: About 80% of total fertilizer should be applied as base fertilizer before sowing. It includes organic matter and balanced N-P-K. Phosphate fertilizers can be mixed with organic materials 15–20 days before application. Seed dressing with rhizobia, along with small amounts of molybdenum or boron, can enhance nutrient uptake.
**Timely Topdressing**: During early flowering, apply urea and superphosphate. After flowering, add gypsum and superphosphate to improve phosphorus and calcium levels. In the fruit-filling stage, foliar sprays of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and urea can help maintain healthy foliage and increase pod fill.
By following these scientifically guided fertilization strategies, farmers can significantly improve peanut yield and quality, ensuring sustainable and profitable production.
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