As a mountainous county, fishery production in small reservoirs has always been the focus of our station’s efforts. Enhancing the economic efficiency of these small-scale fisheries has remained a key area of exploration and innovation. This article outlines several practical measures aimed at improving the efficiency of fish farming in small reservoirs, which can serve as a reference for local farmers and aquaculture practitioners.
First, we can apply high-yield fish farming techniques commonly used in ponds to small reservoirs. Although small reservoirs have limited water areas and shallow depths compared to larger bodies of water, they still offer potential for improved productivity when managed properly. By adapting pond-based methods, we have achieved significant results.
1. **Thorough cleaning and disinfection** is essential before each breeding season. During the dry season, typically in winter, the reservoir should be completely drained, and 100 kg of quicklime per acre should be applied to sterilize the bottom. This not only reduces the risk of fish diseases but also eliminates wild fish populations, thereby increasing the survival rate of stocked fish.
2. **Timely stocking of fingerlings** is crucial. The best time for stocking is just before or after the Lunar New Year and before the Spring Festival, when water temperatures are low and fish scales are tight, making handling and transport easier. Before stocking, fingerlings should be dipped in a 4% saline solution for 15 minutes to reduce disease risk and improve survival rates.
3. **Stocking large, high-quality fish species** ensures better growth and survival. Large-sized fingerlings grow faster, are more resilient to predators, and adapt better to their environment. For example, white bream, silver carp, and grass carp should be stocked at 9 tails per kilogram, while carps and squid should be under 15 tails per kilogram. Stocking species like crucian carp, tilapia, and triploid mullet can further enhance diversity and yield.
4. **Appropriate stocking density** is important for maintaining a balanced ecosystem. The number of fingerlings should be adjusted based on the farmer's experience, the food availability in the reservoir, and the level of fertilization. Generally, without an aerator, the total stocking should be between 500 and 600 per mu, with about 200–250 fish per mu and 40–60 carp per mu. Other species such as shrimp, turtle, and squid can also be included to increase overall productivity.
5. **Full stocking and multiple harvests** help maximize yields. Large-sized white pelicans and bonito can be stocked during the summer months. Planting 300–400 summer flowers per mu allows for partial self-sufficiency in the following year, reducing the need for external stock.
6. **Scientific feeding and management** play a vital role in fish health and growth. Organic fertilizers such as well-fermented pig or chicken manure (about 300 kg per acre) are recommended, especially from April to October. Inorganic fertilizers like ammonium and superphosphate should be used sparingly, with a dosage of 3 kg per mu every 15 days. Feeding should be done with fresh, varied concentrates like soybean cakes, wheat bran, and rice cakes, adjusting the amount based on fish demand and weather conditions.
7. **Disease prevention and treatment** must be proactive. Fish should be disinfected before stocking, and regular treatments with bleaching powder or dibromohydantoin should be applied at feeding areas. Strong chlorine and other medications can be used to prevent bacterial infections and parasites. Applying lime helps raise pH levels and improve water quality, which supports healthy fish growth.
Second, **utilizing the falling water area** of the reservoir offers additional opportunities. Starting in October, as water levels gradually drop, the exposed areas can be used for growing forage crops like ryegrass and safflower. These can provide feed for herbivorous fish, significantly boosting economic returns. Fresh grass can be cut and fed directly, while dried grass can be stored for later use when green feed is scarce.
Small areas such as corners, pond edges, and culverts can also be used for cultivating feed, yielding over 80 kg per acre daily for more than 20 days. This helps meet early feed demands and improves fish growth during critical periods.
Third, **fish breeding within the reservoir** can help reduce costs and ensure a steady supply of fish. By using the water-reducing areas to create small fish ponds, we can breed food-eating species like grass carp and squid, improving survival rates and overall productivity.
Finally, **integrated livestock and fish farming** is an effective way to cut costs and utilize organic waste. For example, raising pigs or ducks alongside fish in the reservoir can provide natural fertilizer, enrich plankton, and promote the growth of species like silver carp and salmon. This integrated approach not only enhances sustainability but also increases overall profitability.
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