Organic fertilizer can activate the soil, improve the permeability of the soil, create a good growing environment for vegetable crops, and use organic fertilizer in large quantities, which is one of the main ways to increase vegetable output and improve the quality of vegetables. However, in the application process, the phenomenon of burning seedlings often occurs due to improper fertilization. For example, in the fall of 2005, Liu Xihe, a vegetable farmer in Houmiao Village, Zoucheng City, Shandong Province, improperly used chicken manure, causing a large number of dead tomatoes. , to bring unnecessary losses to production. To this end, the application of organic fertilizers to protected vegetables is described below.
1. The composition of human fecal urine and human urine is very complex, including various organic and inorganic compounds. Human feces is the indigestible part of the food. The main components are cellulose, hemicellulose, fat, fatty acids, proteins, peptides, amino acids, Various enzymes, bile, and various inorganic compounds contain both pathogen and parasite eggs. Human urine is the waste and water produced by the metabolism of the food after being digested and absorbed into the blood circulation. The main components are urea, salt, and no microorganisms.
Although human feces and urine are natural green fertilizers, improper application not only causes the spread of various pathogenic bacteria, causes environmental pollution, but also easily causes damage to vegetables caused by pests and diseases. For example, from April 2003 to April 2006, we The tomato production base in the city, Houhan Village in Pingyangsi Town, investigated the effects of fertilization on tomatoes and found that the use of untreated human urine was very serious for root knot nematode disease. Therefore, human fecal urine must be decomposed before application. Treatment method: human feces and urine, soil, and superphosphate are uniformly mixed after being mixed in a ratio of 1:1:0.3, and before the accumulation, aviate line Granules are added every cubic meter. 250 grams, or 2.5 kg of lime nitrogen. The stacking height is generally 1 to 1.2 meters, covered with a plastic film. It can be used 3 to 5 days in summer and 20 to 30 days in winter. The main component of human waste is urine, which is particularly suitable for use on green leafy vegetables such as celery, lettuce, garland chrysanthemum, fennel, and rapeseed. Human fecal urine contains chloride ions. For bogey-free crops, such as potatoes and other vegetables, it is not appropriate to use it. Otherwise, the tuber starch content will not only decrease but it will not survive storage.
Human fecal urine can be used as basal fertilizer and topdressing. When used as basal fertilizer, the dosage per 667 square meters is generally 5,000 to 6,500 kilograms. When topdressing, fresh human excreta is mainly used, but pesticides and sterilization must be added before application. Agents, such as phoxim EC, aviat line Granules, carbendazim WP, gold land WP and so on. The dilution factor is 3 to 4 times. Flush with water.
2. Chicken manure Chicken manure is the most widely used organic fertilizer in protected areas. According to incomplete statistics, the chicken manure application volume per 667 square meters is between 7500 and 10,000 kg. The composition of chicken manure is very complicated. The composition of chicken manure varies according to the feed, but the main components are cellulose, protein, amino acids, fats, enzymes, inorganic salts and hormones. As chicken manure and urine are discharged from the same organ, chicken manure and chicken urine are collectively referred to as chicken manure. As chicken manure contains a large number of eggs, vegetable farmers have traditionally adopted a method of stacking high-temperature decomposing methods to kill the eggs, but after the chicken manure is decomposed by high temperature, the fertilizer efficiency is reduced, and the method is not advocated for production.
Chicken manure can be used as base fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer. When used as base fertilizer, if it is used improperly, it often appears fertilizer damage. Attention must be paid to the following points when applying: 1 Insecticide, sterilization, chicken manure contains eggs, there are many For saprophytic bacteria, 50 to 70 g of avermectin Granville Granules were added per cubic meter before application, and 200 to 250 g of carbendazim was blended before application. 2 Fertilization was applied in advance. The vegetable fields in the protected areas should be applied in advance. Before planting vegetables, strive to complete the decomposition of chicken manure in the soil. Do not apply fresh chicken manure and immediately cover the plastic shed film. The high temperature causes a large amount of ammonia to evaporate and cause ammonia harm to the vegetables in the greenhouse. ; 3 appropriate amount of fertilizer, the application of chicken manure as a base fertilizer is generally appropriate for every 667 square meters of 7000 kg is appropriate, excessive application, often cause increased soil pH, alkalinization of the soil.
When chicken manure is topdressed, it is usually carried out on a sunny morning. When diluted, insecticides such as 2% Averate EC and fungicides such as 50% carbendazim WP are used. The dilution factor is 4 to 5 times. Generally, the application amount is 500 to 750 kilograms per 667 square meters, and one application should not be excessive, resulting in ammonia harm. The principle of top dressing is to eat less frequently.
3. The cattle and sheep feces The cattle and sheep are herbivores and their main components are: cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein, organic matter, urea, uric acid, hippuric acid, and inorganic salts such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium. . Among them, cow dung has high water content, poor ventilation, and slow decomposition and decomposition. Therefore, it is called cold fertilizer, and the density of sheep manure is fine and dry, and the heat is higher than cow manure because of its high fermentation speed, so it is called hot fertilizer. Because the content of cellulose and hemicellulose in cattle and sheep manure is high, it must be mixed and tanning to accelerate its decomposition and become a better organic fertilizer. The tanning method can be divided into three types: compact tanning, loose tanning, and tight loose tanning. 1 Tightly tanning. After removing the cattle and sheep dung from the cattle and sheep pens, they are piled up on the cement floor 2 to 3 meters long and compacted immediately to 1.5 meters. Before the accumulation, 1.5 kg of urea is added per cubic meter or ammonium bicarbonate is added. 3 ~ 3.5 kg, adjust the ratio of carbon and nitrogen, shorten the tanning time, after the accumulation is completed, sealed with thin mud, to prevent rain leaching. 2 The method of loose tanning accumulation is basically similar to the above, but it is not compacted during the accumulation process and maintains good air permeability. The temperature in the cattle and sheep dung heap can reach 70°C, and it can almost completely kill the eggs in the dung. Grass particles and germs accelerate the decomposing of cattle and sheep feces. (3) Closely loosening alternate accumulation method Firstly, the loosening and accumulation of cattle and sheep manure is carried out so as to facilitate decomposition. When the temperature in the heap reaches about 70°C, it is carried out again.
Mainly based on basal manure in vegetable production, most of the land is relatively suitable for the application of decomposed cattle and sheep manure. The recent investigation in Beisu Town, a winter greenhouse vegetable base in the city, found that the use of cattle and sheep manure The soil permeability of the shed is significantly better than that of human urine and chicken manure, and root-knot nematodes are less harmful. Hardly any root knot nematodes have been found. What is the reason? So far no relevant reports have been seen, but it is worthy of recognition that the occurrence of vegetable root-knot nematodes is related to the types of fertilizers and fertilization. For example, the tomato in the protected area of ​​the Hou Hancun vegetable grower Liu Bao in the city of Pingyangsi Without using organic fertilizer, root knot nematode damage is avoided. The total fertilizer efficiency of cattle and sheep manure is relatively low, so it should be targeted to increase the amount of fertilizer, generally 8,000 to 10,000 kilograms per 667 square meters is appropriate.
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