China's local sheep breeds represent a significant and valuable resource, with numerous indigenous varieties including both sheep and goats. These native breeds form the backbone of mutton production in the country. In recent years, China has introduced several high-performance meat breeds from abroad, such as Dorset, Dextro, Charolais, Suffolk, and Boer goats. These crossbreeding efforts have been instrumental in enhancing productivity.
Rural sheep farming typically relies on local breeds but incorporates advanced techniques like artificial insemination and controlled breeding with high-yield rams. This approach has led to successful hybrid combinations, such as crossing hornless Dorset rams with Small-Tail ewes or Suffolk rams with Small-Tail ewes. The resulting hybrid lambs exhibit remarkable improvements in meat yield, with growth rates up to 207%. At three months old, weaned lambs can weigh up to 29 kg, and by six months, their carcass weight reaches 24.2 kg, with a slaughter rate of 52.5% and a meat yield of 82%.
These results are achieved using local agricultural resources, making full use of crop residues and by-products. By integrating modern scientific advancements, the industry has significantly improved meat production efficiency, shortened fattening cycles, and increased overall output. This not only meets the growing demand for meat in urban and rural areas but also delivers economic, social, and environmental benefits.
In terms of technical measures, the sheep industry has evolved from traditional extensive management to large-scale, factory-based, and specialized production. Key areas include breeding technology, feed formulation, feeding practices, and housing construction. Proper site selection for sheep houses is crucial—locations should be elevated, well-drained, and away from residential or livestock areas. Access to grazing land, clean water, and sufficient fodder is essential.
Sheep houses must be spacious, ventilated, and designed for easy management. They should be at least 2.5 meters high, with each sheep having 0.5–2 square meters of space. The outdoor area should be at least twice the size of the house. Windows and doors should be strategically placed to ensure proper lighting, ventilation, and temperature control. Various types of structures, such as rectangular barns, sheds, and greenhouses, are commonly used.
Basic equipment includes feeding troughs, drinking stations, lambing pens, and exercise barriers. Medication baths and silos are also necessary for disease prevention and feed storage. Effective lamb management involves early weaning, proper feeding, and health monitoring to ensure optimal growth and survival rates.
Lamb fattening after weaning is the primary method for mutton production. A pre-feeding period helps lambs adapt to new diets and environments before entering the finishing stage. Feeding strategies vary depending on whether the diet is concentrate-based, roughage-based, or silage-based, with specific guidelines to maximize growth and minimize health risks.
Overall, the integration of science, technology, and traditional knowledge has transformed China’s sheep industry into a more efficient, sustainable, and profitable sector. With continued innovation and investment, the future of mutton production looks promising.
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