Parasitic diseases pose a significant threat to the health and productivity of Small Tail Han sheep, with piroplasmosis being one of the most severe forms. This condition can lead to substantial economic losses for farmers due to its high mortality and morbidity rates. The primary clinical signs include high fever, anemia, jaundice, and hemoglobinuria, making early detection and treatment critical.
The disease typically occurs between spring and fall, with the highest incidence observed in the autumn months, starting as early as late March and lasting until mid-November. Improved and imported breeds are more susceptible compared to local sheep. Both young and older sheep are at higher risk, with older animals often experiencing more severe symptoms and higher mortality rates. Affected sheep show signs of depression, loss of appetite, and cessation of rumination. Their body temperature may rise above 41°C, and they may exhibit rapid breathing and abnormal heart rates (120–140 beats per minute). Swollen mandibular lymph nodes, diarrhea with blood and mucus, weight loss, drooping ears, gait abnormalities, eyelid swelling, excessive tearing, redness of the conjunctiva, and purulent discharge are also common. In advanced stages, internal bleeding, foamy saliva, bruising, jaw muscle spasms, and even neurological symptoms like opisthotonus may appear before death, often due to extreme weakness.
Prevention is key in managing this disease. During spring and autumn, it's essential to maintain clean sheds and eliminate larvae that survive in winter. When shearing sheep in spring, careful observation for lice is necessary, and trichlorfon sprays can be applied. Strict quarantine measures should be enforced for newly introduced animals, ensuring they are isolated and monitored. In endemic areas, prophylactic injections of imidocarb dipropionate at 2 mg/kg body weight, administered every 15 days as a 7% aqueous solution, can help prevent outbreaks.
For treatment, Bernier (a brand name for imidocarb) is administered at 6 mg/kg via deep intramuscular injection using a 5–7% solution, given every other day for three doses. Sulfadiazine sodium (100 mg/kg), florfenicol (20 mg/kg), and clindamycin (10 mg/kg) can be used for suspected or confirmed cases, with clindamycin given orally two or more times daily for three days. Yellow pigment (likely referring to a specific dye or supplement) at 3–4 mg/kg can be administered intravenously as a 0.5–1% solution, with repeated doses if needed after 2–3 days. For severely ill sheep that have lost their appetite, intravenous fluids such as 10% glucose (200 ml),
Vitamin C (10 ml), and oral administration of Sanwei solution (100 grams) can help restore energy. High-calorie support includes intravenous infusions of 5 ml of sodium anaphylactoside and 4 mg of dexamethasone in 500 ml of 5% glucose saline over three days. Severely anemic sheep should receive anti-anemia medications like vitamin B12 and ferrous sulfate to boost red blood cell production and overall immunity.
By combining preventive strategies with timely and appropriate treatment, farmers can significantly reduce the impact of piroplasmosis on their flocks, ensuring better health outcomes and economic stability.
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