Pepper rust is a widespread disease that affects all pepper-growing regions and is among the most significant threats to pepper crops. It particularly impacts jalapeño peppers, directly reducing both yield and quality. Therefore, early prevention and effective control measures are essential to minimize losses, increase production, and maximize profits.
**Main Symptoms**
Pepper rust primarily affects the leaves, impairing their ability to perform photosynthesis and reducing the accumulation of organic matter. In the early stages of infection, water-soaked spots appear on the upper surface of the leaves, which gradually expand into yellow-brown, worm-like lesions. Infected prickly ash trees often produce two new leaves per year, and even these new leaves remain vulnerable to infection.
**Disease Incidence Patterns**
The timing of pepper rust outbreaks varies depending on local climate, geography, and farming practices. Based on years of field observations, it is commonly observed that the disease begins at the end of June through mid-July, with peak incidence occurring from late August to late September. During this period, a large number of leaves are lost, leading to significant crop damage. Poor management, compacted soil, excessive weed competition, and unhealthy tree conditions can all contribute to severe outbreaks.
**Prevention and Control Measures**
1. **Improve Field Management and Enhance Tree Resistance**
First, regular cultivation and weeding are crucial. Since prickly ash has a shallow root system, timely tilling and weed removal help improve soil structure, reduce nutrient loss, and promote healthier growth, thereby increasing disease resistance. Second, proper fertilization should be based on the growth stage of the tree. Fertilize in spring, again from late June to early July during the late growing season, and after harvesting. If drought occurs, combine irrigation with fertilization to prevent nutrient deficiency, which weakens the tree and reduces its resistance. Third, prune appropriately, remove excess branches, and open up the canopy to improve air circulation and light exposure, which supports better tree growth and enhances disease resistance.
2. **Clean the Garden in Late Autumn to Reduce Disease Sources**
After the leaves have fallen in late autumn, it's important to promptly remove dead or diseased branches, as well as any remaining infected leaves. Clear all fallen leaves from under the trees and eliminate weeds within and around the garden. Dispose of all removed materials properly, such as through composting or incineration, to reduce the overwintering fungal sources and lower the risk of future infections.
3. **Chemical Control to Prevent Spread**
Before the onset of the disease, apply a 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture as a preventive spray, and repeat every 10–15 days. For already infected plants, use 65% mancozeb wettable powder diluted to 400–500 times, or a 1:2:200 Bordeaux solution at the beginning of the disease. Spray every 10 days for 2–3 applications to effectively control the spread of the disease.
By implementing these comprehensive strategies, farmers can significantly reduce the impact of pepper rust and ensure healthier, more productive crops.
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