Foliar spray fertilizers, often referred to as foliar feeding, involve applying nutrient solutions directly onto the stems and leaves of cotton plants. This method allows the plant to absorb essential nutrients through its foliage, effectively nourishing the entire plant, including the roots. It offers several advantages, such as efficient fertilizer use, rapid nutrient absorption, and the flexibility to be applied regardless of soil conditions. It is especially crucial for boosting nutrient supply in cotton plants after they have started growing, particularly during the late summer period.
Studies show that nutrients absorbed through the leaves can be transported and utilized within the plant just like those taken up by the roots. Foliar feeding is a natural and effective way for plants to obtain necessary nutrients. Research also reveals that leaf epidermal cells are equipped with tiny structures, such as pores and hair bases, which allow direct interaction between the cell's protoplasm and the external environment. These structures act as active pathways for nutrient absorption, enhancing the efficiency of foliar feeding.
After the "Early Autumn" season, cotton enters its late flowering stage, and root activity declines, reducing the plant’s ability to absorb nutrients from the soil. At this time, the upper buds continue to develop, but many fields suffer from nutrient deficiencies, especially in the lower parts. This makes foliar spraying a critical practice. In fields where potassium hasn't been applied or where early rains are heavy, potassium deficiency symptoms may already appear on older leaves. As more bolls form and rainfall increases, the potassium shortage worsens. If not addressed, it can lead to early disease onset, small bolls, poor opening, reduced fiber quality, and even plant death. Thus, foliar potassium application is a vital technique for increasing yield in most cotton fields.
High-quality potassium sulfate is the best choice for foliar sprays. First-grade potassium sulfate contains over 50% potassium oxide (K₂O) and should be in water-soluble powder or microcrystal form. No other foliar fertilizers can match the potassium content of potassium sulfate. For example, Russian-made “Aip†potassium sulfate has up to 52% K₂O and dissolves easily in water (13 grams per 100 grams at 30°C). Applying 0.6 kg per mu three times can provide about 0.66 kg of usable K₂O per acre, sufficient to increase seed cotton yield by 15 kg per mu.
When spraying, it's important to apply the solution evenly on both sides of the leaves. The underside of the leaf blade has a spongy tissue with larger gaps and more pores, making it more efficient for nutrient absorption compared to the upper side. Therefore, each mu should receive at least 30 kg of solution, with 0.6 kg of potassium sulfate (2% concentration), primarily sprayed on the top half of the plant.
The best time to spray is during calm, cloudy weather in the evening. The longer the leaves remain moist, the better the nutrient absorption. Ideally, the wetting time should last 30 to 60 minutes, so spraying in the evening or on overcast days is recommended for optimal results.
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