Pigs are a vital part of many rural economies, but many small-scale farmers struggle to make a profit. One major reason is the rising cost of feed, which directly impacts the profitability of pig farming. In addition to this, several other factors contribute to low income and poor growth in pigs. These include poor breeding practices, improper feeding methods, lack of disease prevention, and unscientific management.
Many farmers still raise local or "soil" pigs, which are not as efficient as crossbred or improved breeds. These pigs grow slowly, require more feed, and produce less lean meat. Some even breed pigs within the same family line, which leads to weaker offspring with lower productivity.
Another issue is the lack of proper nutrition. Farmers often don’t understand the importance of balanced diets or the value of commercial feeds. As a result, pigs may suffer from malnutrition, leading to slower growth and higher feed costs.
Feeding practices are also problematic. Many farmers feed at irregular times, overfeed some pigs while underfeeding others, or use water-based feeding methods that reduce feed quality. Others cook feed, which can destroy nutrients and increase labor and fuel costs. Sudden changes in feed can cause stress, reducing appetite and growth.
Overstocking is another common mistake. Some farmers believe that keeping more pigs in one pen will lead to faster growth, but this actually increases the risk of disease and makes it harder to manage the animals properly. Poorly constructed pig houses also contribute to health issues. Many farmers use simple, unhygienic shelters that don’t provide adequate protection from cold or heat, leading to uncomfortable living conditions for the pigs.
Group feeding without sorting by size causes stronger pigs to dominate, leaving weaker ones underfed. This not only affects their growth but also creates an environment where illness spreads more easily.
Disease prevention is often neglected. Many farmers rely on treatment rather than prevention, and they skip vaccinations for important diseases. This leads to frequent outbreaks, increased mortality, and reduced productivity. Some even use ineffective treatments like Analgin, which can be harmful and even fatal.
Parasites are another problem. Pigs that eat raw feed or graze on the ground are prone to infections, which can stunt growth or even kill them. Finally, improper slaughter timing can reduce profits. Selling pigs too early or too late affects weight gain and overall efficiency.
To address these challenges, researchers have developed the "Eight Changes and Eight Essentials" method for efficient pig farming. This approach includes using high-quality crossbred pigs, improving feed formulas, avoiding cooked feed, using advanced microbial feed, separating pigs by size, managing housing conditions, and focusing on prevention rather than treatment.
Additionally, farmers should follow specific guidelines such as feeding at fixed times, controlling portion sizes, maintaining feed quality, assigning a dedicated person to care for the pigs, setting up designated areas for eating, sleeping, and defecating, regularly deworming, vaccinating, and disinfecting the farm. These steps help improve pig health, growth, and ultimately, profitability.
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