To prevent bird damage in orchards, several effective measures can be implemented. First, using fruit bags and reflective films on larger fruits like apples, peaches, and grapes can significantly reduce the period during which birds can access the fruit, thereby minimizing losses. After bagging the fruits, covering them with mesh bags not only protects against bird damage but also prevents infestation by adult pests. Additionally, covering the orchard floor with reflective film can deter birds from approaching the trees due to the bright light reflections, while also aiding in better fruit coloring.
Second, for smaller orchards or trees with low height, installing protective nets is a highly effective method. These nets, made of screens or gauze with small enough holes to prevent birds from entering, should be placed before birds start damaging the crops. They can be removed after harvest and are often used alongside flood prevention systems. Although this method offers excellent protection, it requires a higher initial investment.
Third, various bird-repelling techniques should be used together to avoid birds becoming accustomed to a single method. For example, artificial bird repellents can be more effective when used during peak bird activity times—early morning, midday, and evening. Farmers can visit the orchard before these times to scare birds away. Birds may return, so checking again 15 minutes later and repeating the process 3–5 times is recommended.
Another approach involves using sound-based deterrents. Recording sounds such as firecrackers, hawk calls, or distressed bird cries and playing them at intervals in the orchard can effectively drive birds away. These devices should be placed around the orchard’s perimeter and near entry points to maximize their effectiveness through wind direction and sound reflection.
Using visual deterrents like fake predators (e.g., plastic eagles or cats) or balloons shaped like birds of prey can also temporarily scare birds away. Combining these visual methods with sound deterrents enhances their impact, as the birds are more likely to develop fear and avoid the area. It's best to implement these strategies before birds begin feeding on the fruit, encouraging some to migrate to other areas.
Lastly, using smoke or water sprays can help disperse birds from the orchard or its surrounding areas. However, care must be taken to avoid direct exposure near fruit trees to prevent leaf burn or fruit damage. Orchards with irrigation systems can use sprinklers to spray water, which can serve both as a watering method and a bird-deterrent technique.
Bifidobacterium Adolesentis
Bifidobacterium adolescentis is one of the most abundant bifidobacterial species in the human large intestine, and is prevalent in 60-80% of healthy human adults with cell densities ranging from 109-1010 cells/g of faeces. Lower abundance is found in children and in elderly individuals. The species is evolutionary adapted to fermenting plant-derived glycans and is equipped with an extensive sugar transporter and degradation enzymes repertoire. Consequently, the species is strongly affected by dietary carbohydrates and is able to utilize a wide range of prebiotic molecules. B. adolescentis is specialized in metabolizing resistant starch and is considered a primary starch degrader enabling growth of other beneficial bacteria by cross-feeding. The major metabolic output is acetate and lactate in a ratio of 3:2. Several health-beneficial properties have been demonstrated in certain strains of B. adolescentis in vitro and in rodent models, including enhancement of the intestinal barrier function, anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory effects, and the production of neurotransmitters (GABA), and vitamins. Although causalities have not been established, reduced abundance of B. adolescentis as part of a dysbiotic colonic microbiota in human observational studies has been associated with inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, coeliac disease, cystic fibrosis, Helicobacter pylori infection, type 1 and 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and certain allergies. It is therefore reasonable to conceive B. adolescentis as a health-associated, or even health-promoting bacterial species in humans.
Bifidobacterium Adolesentis
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