As the primary power source in agriculture, diesel engines are widely used in farming vehicles and stationary power systems. Despite their advantages such as a simple structure, stable operation, and high horsepower, agricultural diesel engines face challenges due to poor fuel vaporization. To compensate, they use a high compression ratio of 18-20:1, which raises the cylinder temperature to achieve auto-ignition. However, this design leads to poor cold-start performance during winter, making it crucial to implement proper maintenance and operational techniques. Effective winter care can enhance starting performance, improve low-temperature operation, and extend the lifespan of key components, ultimately boosting economic efficiency.
After being parked outdoors in winter, diesel engines must be monitored for temperature changes. In regions affected by northern cold air, if the ambient temperature drops below 4°C, the cooling water should be drained from the radiator. Water reaches its maximum density at 4°C, and when it freezes, it expands, potentially damaging the radiator. In 2000, a city experienced a sudden temperature drop to 0°C due to cold air. Several tractors and farm vehicles left outside failed to drain their cooling water, resulting in 106 damaged radiators and an economic loss of 64,000 yuan. Additionally, 62 vehicles were unable to operate for over half a month.
Fuel selection is also important in winter. Diesel grades should be adjusted according to temperature. When temperatures fall below 10°C, No. 0 diesel should be used. If regular diesel is still used, it should be heated to 50–60°C before starting. If the engine struggles to start or fails to start, check for wax precipitation in the fuel, which can clog the fuel line and cause air to enter the high-pressure pump, leading to no fuel supply.
During winter starts, the intake air temperature is low, making it difficult for the compressed air to reach the ignition temperature. Therefore, pre-heating methods should be applied before starting. One effective method is to heat the crankshaft lubrication oil overnight. The oil should be warmed to 80–90°C before being added back to the crankcase the next day. This helps evaporate moisture and prevents oil from becoming too thick, ensuring proper lubrication.
Another approach is to add hot water (70–90°C) to the engine’s cooling system. At -5°C, adding hot water for 5–7 minutes and repeating the process can significantly raise the engine temperature, making it easier to start in cold conditions.
When starting via electric or manual methods, the throttle should be closed initially to prevent fuel from entering the high-pressure pump. After cranking for a few revolutions to allow oil to circulate, the throttle can be opened for a successful start.
After starting, the engine should run at low speed for 3–5 minutes to warm up and ensure all moving parts are properly lubricated. Avoid sudden acceleration or full throttle. Gradual increases in speed help maintain a balanced fuel-air mixture, preventing excessive smoke and carbon buildup. The fuel injection system adjusts automatically based on load, but manual control with smooth refueling ensures optimal efficiency and performance.
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