[Inventory] Major advances in medicine and biology in major countries of the world in 2015

In 2015, American brain research achieved new results, medical and disease prevention and control achieved a number of major breakthroughs, and synthetic biology results were numerous; the UK attached importance to the research on antibiotic resistance mechanism, developed drug “identity card” and reliable “artificial” Pancreas"; Brazilian Academy of Agricultural Sciences has been approved to commercialize the domestically produced genetically modified antiviral beans in 2016.

United States

New achievements have been made in human brain research, and many major breakthroughs have been made in medicine and disease prevention, and synthetic biology has produced many results.

In 2015, American scientists made a major breakthrough in the field of human brain research: In August, Ohio State University cultivated a nearly fully formed human brain in the laboratory, although it is only as large as a pencil eraser, and its development level is 5 weeks old. The brain of the fetus is quite different, but it has no consciousness, but it has the most cell types and functions of the human brain, and can express genes like the human brain. It can help scientists test new drugs and know more about the mechanism of brain diseases. September The University of Washington research team completed the most complex human brain direct experiment, using a brain-brain direct connection method to allow five pairs of subjects to pass brain signals over the Internet to play a quiz game. This test proves for the first time that two brains can be directly connected without any sound, and one can accurately guess the other's ideas. In addition, American scientists have drawn a super-fine 3D map of the mouse brain, which is a mosaic of a series of high-definition images, and individual nerve cells are clearly visible at an unprecedented nanometer scale.

Vaccine Research and Design: Ebola vaccines developed by several research institutions and companies have completed Phase I or Phase II human clinical trials. The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign searched for 10,000 bacteria through the "genomic mining" technology, and discovered 19 previously unknown natural phosphate new products in four years, each of which is expected to become potential. New drugs, one of which has been confirmed as an antibiotic.

Cancer research: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first viral drug to treat cancers such as melanoma, the core of which is to use a modified engineering herpes virus to kill without harming healthy cells. Eliminates cancer cells and triggers an anti-cancer immune response in the human body; the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center found that genome-wide sequencing identifies cancer risk in cancer family background populations and improves the ability to diagnose genetic variants with cancerous propensities; Harvard University utilizes By stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, the molecular mechanism of DNA in the process of cell division of living skin cancer cells is observed without fluorescent labeling, and the degree of cell carcinogenesis can be understood without disturbing the normal development of cells.

AIDS research: A new powerful drug based on gene therapy, eCD4-Ig, can prevent the infection of various known strains of HIV. The rhesus monkey test shows that its effectiveness is much higher than the best-performing broad-spectrum resistance. Ai medicine. The new drug "rejects the virus" by camouflage - the "cottage" product that produces both CD4 and CCR5 receptors, "deceives" HIV to bind to it, thus allowing the virus to lose its chance of entering the human body. US researchers have also developed a probe called "Molecular Microscope" that accurately detects the hidden places of HIV inside and outside the cell, and ultimately helps to clarify the mystery of HIV for a long time, thus thoroughly removing it from the body. Clear.

Basic medical research: US researchers have discovered a key component of depression, fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9), which is much higher in the brains of people with depression than in non-depressed patients; Northwestern University Researchers have discovered that when a bird reaches reproductive maturity, a genetic switch turns on the aging process and protects the body from aging; Johns Hopkins University found a magnetic column containing magnetic nanoparticles. The device is capable of accelerating the production of T cells, the ultimate goal of which is to train T cells in the patient's blood sample and increase their number, and finally put them back into the patient's body, which helps to open the door to immunotherapy; University of California The San Francisco campus uses genetic editing technology CRISPR/Cas9 to precisely modify human T cells; Harvard Medical School in the United States has overcome one of the biggest difficulties in making pigs a donor of human organs - severing endogenous retroviruses in pigs in organ transplant recipients The possibility of activation is expected to make pigs become human organ donors.

Synthetic biology: Duke University researchers use biopsy cells to make human skeletal muscles that contract and respond to external stimuli for the first time in the laboratory. It can stimulate external electrical impulses, biochemical signals, and drugs like natural human tissue. The same reaction was made; researchers at the Massachusetts General Hospital used decellularization techniques to create a method for constructing artificial limbs and successfully developed a forelimb of a rat with blood vessels and muscle tissue; the University of Illinois at Chicago and Northwestern University developed An artificial ribosome that produces proteins and enzymes in cells like natural ribosomes, helping to produce new drugs and next-generation biomaterials and understanding ribosome functions; Stanford University produces a flexible, discolored The pressure-sensitive materials, with different touches, will change color to become the man-made material closest to the chameleon skin. For the first time, American scientists have used human cells to produce artificial vocal cord tissue that can emit sound. Animal experiments show that the tissue can grow normally. And did not trigger an immune response This brings hope to patients who have lost their vocal cords; American researchers genetically recombine pluripotent stem cells extracted from human skin to create a micro-ventricle with human heart cells that can be like a complete The size of the heart beats and can be used to replace animal experiments, screening new drugs or testing the effects of drugs on babies.

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