Open field cultivation
I. Variety selection
We should select varieties with high yield, strong disease resistance and good commercial quality suitable for cultivation on spring exposed land, such as Jinchun No. 4, Zhongnongda No. 11, Zhongnongda No. 12, Bomei No. 4, Deruite 902, Zhongnong No. 12, etc. ; Suitable for autumn cultivation of the varieties are Jin You 3, Jin Yan No. 2, Tangshan autumn melon and so on.
Second, nursery
Seedling age about 35 days, strong seedlings standards: cotyledon intact, with 3-5 true leaves, short internodes, petiole and main vines at an angle of 45 degrees, dark green leaves, leaf hypertrophy, thick stems, developed roots No pests and diseases.
Third, do fertilization
Soil preparation, fertilization, organic fertilizer 5 cubic meters, superphosphate 25-30 kg or 10-15 kg of diammonium phosphate. Before planting, plow tillage, hoe width 1.2 meters, height 15 cm or more, and mulching.
Fourth, colonization
1. The determination of the planting period is to ensure the planting as soon as possible after the planting is ensured, and the Chengde area is generally planted at the end of April and the beginning of May. Temperature requirements: Minimum night temperature above 5°C, soil temperature above 0°C at 12°C. The cucumber in the autumn dew adopts the live broadcast method.
2. Density of planting 4000-4500 plants/mu, colonization in small and large rows, 40 cm spacing, 80 cm spacing, 25-30 cm plant spacing, legal planting in dark water.
3, field management (1) plug: early after planting after planting, wind pumping seedlings, inserts can use flower stand or herringbone, about 8-10 cm from the root. (2) Tied vines: The “8†method is used to tie the vines and prevent the penis vines and vines from sagging. Every 2-3 knots should be tied once in the afternoon. In the morning, the stems and branches are easy to break. The tightness of the bound vines should be strong and weak. The plants with strong growth potential should be tied tightly and the growth points should be the same. (3) Pruning and picking: The main vine should be removed from all the lateral branches. The side vines leave one to two tips after the squash, and remove all tendrils. When the stem exceeds the head, it must be tipped promptly to promote the growth of the lower part of the melon, and it can also be used to suppress the growth of the upper part by twisting the tip. (4) Fertilizer and water management: Watering and cultivating in time, the amount and frequency of water depend on the weather and growth period. The seedling water is poured 5 to 7 days after planting; water, cultivator, and seedlings are planted before sitting on the melons; watering of the melons is performed when the melons are 10 to 12 centimeters long; the result is watered once every 5 to 7 days. The principle of top-dressing is to lightly weigh and lightly weight, and a small number of times, so that the melon fertilizer will be applied after the root melon sat, and the melon fertilizer will be taken after the root melon is harvested. Promote the use of organic fertilizer topdressing.
Physiological disorders
I. Melon
When the melon grows about 8 to 10 centimeters in length, the melon strip no longer elongates and expands, and the front end gradually wilts and turns yellow, and the whole melon gradually dries. The main reasons are improper cultivation and management measures, insufficient supply of water and fertilizers, too much melon, poor harvesting, poor plant growth, lack of light, and low or high temperatures.
Bitter melon and its causes
It is mainly due to the bitter taste of cucurbitacin in fruits, and the main cause of bitter melon is partial nitrogen fertilizer and insufficient watering. Unfavorable environmental conditions can also lead to the formation of bitter melons, persistent low temperatures, weak light, and poor soil texture.
Third, malformation melon
The main symptoms are bee lumbar melons, sharp-mouthed melons, bellies melons, curved melons, and zombie melons. Caused by improper cultivation and management measures, such as improper management of water and fertilizer caused by weak plant growth; improper treatment of ethephon, etc.; excessive temperature and low pollination and fertilization caused by poor; high temperature and drought, air drying can also form a deformed melon. In addition, when the soil lacks boron and potassium, it can form malformed melons.
Fourth, low temperature barriers
1. Symptoms Cucumber has weaker tolerance to low temperature. Continuous low temperature can cause various symptoms: too low temperature during sowing, delayed germination and delayed emergence of yellow seedlings, seedlings, or damping-off, root rot, etc. Some of the excavated seedlings have white edges on the edge of the cotyledon, the leaves turn yellow, and the roots do not grow. If the ground temperature is lower than 12°C for a long time, the root tip turns yellow or roots appear, and the roots rot, and the ground begins to turn yellow. After cold injury or frost damage occurred after planting, dark green leaves appeared, leaf margins were slightly revolved, and yellow-white spots appeared between large veins. Or the roots of the plants are slow, or do not grow roots, or the flower buds do not differentiate. The whole plant grows thin and thin, and the flowers appear to be topping, and even the leaves die until the whole plant withers.
2. Control methods (1) Choose low-temperature resistant varieties with fast germination, rapid emergence, and fast seedling growth. (2) Seeds that have germinated quickly after soaking are sown at 0°C for 24 to 36 hours and sown, which can enhance cold resistance. (3) Avoid cold nursery and planting. In the shed, heat-up measures such as firing a stove or the Keja geothermal line were used. (4) Apply compost or fermented organic fertilizer. (5) spraying cold-resistant plant before the cold invasive, per acre 100 to 200 ml of 10% Bao Li-feng anti-freezing element 400 times or 3.4% Bi-protective WP 7500 times or brown sugar 50 grams to a bucket of water Add 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate to spray. (6) If the temperature is too low and freezing damage has occurred, use slow heating measures. If sunny after a long sunny shade with straw, so that the physiological function of cucumber slowly recovered, must not be rushed.
Fifth, lack of disease
1. A slight yellowing of the leaf margin of potassium deficiency occurs, and then the leaf margins die, with the leaf growing to the lateral curl. The prevention and control method is to supplement potassium fertilizer in time, and then supplement potassium fertilizer at the same time with iron supplementation.
2. Magnesium deficiency In the lower leaves of the cucumber, the leaf between the veins of the cucumber gradually loses green and yellow, and is further developed. In addition to the leaves with a little greenness, they turn yellow, and when severe, the upper leaves turn yellow from the inside. The prevention and control method is to increase the application of organic fertilizer and formula fertilization to avoid the partial application of nitrogen fertilizer and cause the soil to be acidic to affect the absorption of calcium and magnesium. Magnesium deficiency when the leaves can be sprayed with 1%-2% magnesium sulfate, pay attention to magnesium supplementation should be combined with potassium supplement zinc.
3. Boron-deficient boron deficiency causes growth point necrosis, imperfect flower development, leaves, stems, and fruits to stop growing, leaf margins are yellow, yellowing is broad, and there are cracks in the pericarp. Control measures to increase fertilizer, do not use too much lime, reasonable watering. To supplement boron fertilizer in time, chelated boron can be used to avoid soil damage caused by a single application of borax fertilizer.
Sixth, soil salinization obstacles
1. Symptoms Sunlight greenhouses or greenhouses are heavily applied to chemical fertilizers in successive years, and the high temperature in the greenhouse promotes the evaporation of large amounts of surface moisture. As a result, the soil mineral nutrients accumulate on the surface of the soil as the water rises. With the annual coverage of greenhouse films, the indoor soil is not exposed to rain. The secondary salinization of the soil results in long-term accumulation of salt on the surface to form a thick layer of green moss. Not only does it affect the growth of roots and the absorption of water and nutrients, but it also induces deficiency of nutrients such as magnesium deficiency, calcium deficiency, and boron deficiency. The dwarf grows slowly, the roots don't go down and gather around the main root, the leaves are small, and the leaves are dark green and dull; the flowering results are small, the melons are small, the deformed melons are much, the yield is obviously decreased, and the melons are wilting when they are serious.
2. Control methods Add organic fertilizer, deepen the soil, try not to use less or less in the soil, easy to form salt fertilizers, such as ammonium sulfate. During the slack season, a large amount of salt is poured into the water or it is uncovered during the summer leisure season to allow the rain to wash the salt. Grafting cucumbers with black-skinned squash to improve salt tolerance, reduce or avoid salt damage; greenhouse mulching can significantly inhibit surface evaporation, can play a certain role in inhibiting salt.
Major pest control
First, downy mildew
1. Symptoms are fungal diseases. The disease is located in the upper middle leaves of cucumber. Observe the following points when observing the field. Daily at about 8 o'clock in the morning, see if the back of the leaf is covered with water, polygons, and lesions. Whether there is a gray mold layer, if you have these three points can be diagnosed with downy mildew. The suitable disease environment is temperature 16 ~ 22 °C, relative humidity above 83%. There are two fears of the disease, namely, fear of dryness and high temperature. The germs naturally die in 3 to 5 days when dried. In the case of relatively high humidity in the greenhouse, the temperature can be controlled to 45°C for 2 hours, and the appropriate chemicals can be used to prevent and control the disease. This disease can be easily controlled.
2. The control methods can choose Ank, Prec, Erke, Frost Urea, Manganese Zinc, Depression, Jin Lei Duomi and Amisida. In addition, in the prevention of downy mildew, attention should be paid to the simultaneous occurrence of bacterial angular spot, and an agent for preventing and treating bacterial leaf spot may be added to the agent for controlling downy mildew.
Second, gray mold
1, symptoms can harm melons, leaves and stems. Harmful melon strips invade and decompose the flowers first, causing the flowers to rot, grow a light gray brown mold layer, and then further infect the young melons, and the damaged melons quickly become soft, atrophic and rotten. The incidence of leaves is mostly round, nearly round to irregular lesions, diameter of 20 to 50 mm, the edge of the lesion is obvious, the surface is light reddish-brown, there are a few gray mold. Stalk damage caused local rot, severe disease stem broken, the whole plant died. Diseases caused by fungal infections, the disease in greenhouses often begins when the humidity is high after entering the winter, when the ventilation is not timely and the temperature is low. Temperature is about 20 °C, cloudy light is insufficient, relative humidity is above 90%, and condensation time is long, which is an important condition for the occurrence of gray mold. If the temperature is higher than 30°C and the relative humidity is below 90%, the disease will stop spreading.
2. Control methods In the early stage of disease protection, 10% of quick-acting smoke or 45% of chlorothalonil smoke may be used. Each time, 250 grams per mu are used for 3 to 4 hours. It is also possible to use 50% acetaminophen wettable powder 1500 times, or 2.5% lexare wettable powder 600 times, or 50% rilmycin 500 times, or 25% ascimisse suspension 1500 times. The drug is administered once every 6-7 days, continuous prevention and treatment 3-4 times, requiring the drug to be sprayed on flowers and young larvae. In the initial flowering period, adding 0.1% amount of 50% Skoda WP or 25% WP 200-300 times to dip or spray flowers.
Third, powdery mildew
1, the symptoms first in the front or back of the lower leaves grow small round white mildew, gradually expanded, dense, and soon into one. After the onset of disease, the entire leaf was covered with white powder, then turned gray, and finally the leaves were yellow-brown and dry. Stems and petioles also produce lesions similar to those of leaves, densely stained with white mold. In the fall, there are sometimes small yellow-brown spots on the sick class that turn black. The disease is covered with white powder in the leaves. The epidermis of the lower layer of the mold layer remains green at the early stage of disease, and is easily distinguishable from other leaf diseases. The suitable temperature condition for this disease is 20-25°C, and the suitable relative humidity is 35-45%. Therefore, the requirements for temperature and humidity of powdery mildew are: neither cold nor hot nor dry or wet. Young, leggy plants are susceptible to the disease
2. Control methods Powdery mildew is particularly sensitive to “sulfurâ€. Before planting, use 1.8 kg of sulfur powder per acre plus sawdust or other combustion aids to ignite fumigation. Sealed and smoked and stuffy for a day and night, you can kill the powdery mildew, and then smoke it for 3 days. Once, then sow or plant. During the growth of cucumber, sulfur powder can be reduced by half, the time can be reduced to one night, every 5 to 7 days and then smoked once again, the effect is good.
IV. Viral diseases
1. Symptoms Cucumber virus disease is mainly harmful to leaves and melons. Seedlings and adult plants can occur. Seedling disease cotyledon yellow withered, young leaves dark green and light green and green leaves. In the adult plant, the diseased plants were dwarf, and the internodes were short and thick. The leaves were obviously shrunk and thickened. The new leaves were yellow-green leaves. When the diseased leaves were severe, the leaves were gradually yellowed. After the onset of melon strips stopped growing, the surface was dark green and white piebald. In severe cases, the surface of the melon is uneven or deformed. Plants with severe disease are shortened between nodes, clustered with leaflets, and not bearing melon, leading to atrophy and death. Mainly rely on locusts, fly fleas, field operations spread. Severe onset under conditions of high temperature, drought, and strong sunlight. Lack of water, lack of fertilizer, extensive management, and a large number of locusts onset.
2, prevention and cure methods shade net with cooling, shade, away from diseased crops. Immediately after transplanting, “Tianda 2116†1000 times solution and Tianda Yufeng 1000 times solution were sprayed and irrigated to prevent disease.
At the beginning of the disease, 20% poisonous nemesis 500 times fluid or 20% virus A500 fluid can be sprayed once every 7 days.
V. Bacterial leaf spot disease
1. Symptoms The cotyledon of the seedling stage produces a round or ovoid water-soaked lesion that is slightly sunken and then brownish to dry. In the adult stage, the size of the needle on the primary needle is immersed in water. The lesion is enlarged and limited by veins. The shape of the lesion is polygonal, yellowish-brown, and when the humidity is high, milk mucus is produced on the lesion on the back of the leaf and forms a white film or white powder after drying. In the late stage, the lesions are brittle and easy to perforate. Stem, petiole, and young melon strips are immersed in lesions. They are nearly round to elliptical and pale gray in color. The lesions often crack. When the damp, the diseased parts of the melon strips overflow with bacilli, and the lesions spread to the interior of the melon strips. The discoloration of the flesh along the vascular bundle extends up to the seeds, causing seeds to colonize. The diseased melon later decayed and smelled, and the young melons often rot and fall off after being killed. Bacteria in the soil spread through the fields through irrigation, wind and rain, airflow, insects and agricultural operations. The bacteria invade the host from stomata, wounds, and water holes. The suitable temperature for onset of illness is 18-26°C, and the relative humidity is 75% or more. The greater the humidity, the heavier the disease, and the more susceptible to the disease after a storm. Low-lying terrain, poor drainage, heavy smashing, excessive nitrogen fertilization, insufficient potash fertilizer, planted dense plots, and severe diseases.
2. Prevention and treatment methods Spray neophytin 5000 times at the beginning of onset, or 30% copper citrate ferric chloride (DT sterilization sterilized) WP 500 times, or 77% to kill WP 400 times, or 47 % Garenon WP 600-800 times, the above agents can be used alternately, spray once every 7 to 10 days, continuous spray 3 to 4 times. Excessive use of copper preparations can cause phytotoxicity, generally not exceeding 3 times. The spray must be carefully sprayed on the front and back of the blade to improve the control effect.
Six, root knot nematodes
1. Symptoms mainly harm the roots. After the roots are damaged, there are many lateral roots, and they form spherical or conical shaped nodules at the end of the root. Sometimes they are strung together. They are initially white, soft, and turn brown to dark brown. The surface is sometimes cracked. . The above-ground parts of the affected plants are stunted with yellowish leaves and wilting in the early days. They are easily mistaken for wilt disease. The suitable temperature for the development of root-knot nematodes is 25-30° C. It takes 25-30 days for the generation to reproduce at 27° C. The larvae stop their activities at 10° C. and die at 55° C. for 10 minutes. The nematode is active in more than 20 centimeters of deep soil and it is most common in 3-10 cm soil layers. Nematodes spread by soil, diseased seedlings, irrigation water, and agricultural operations. The conditions of high altitude, loose soil and low salt content are suitable for nematode activity, which is conducive to disease incidence, and the incidence of sand land and heavy cropping land is heavy. In the absence of host conditions, nematodes can survive in soil for 1 year.
2. Prevention and control methods Soil disinfection: Before planting, combine deep turning mu to apply 80 kg of lime nitrogen, and soil use 1.8% of Indimethacin emulsifiable concentrate to disinfect 6-liter per square meter of 1-1.5 ml, or use Millar 3% per mu. Agent 4-6 kg, 50 kg mixed with dry fine soil applicator; growth period and then 1.8% pest Chong EC 1 000-1 500 times liquid Irrigation 1 or 2 times, interval 10-15 days. After the harvest, the field is completely cleared of diseased plants, and concentrated burns or deep burial can be used for manure. In addition, two tons of biogas slurry can effectively control root-knot nematodes. Where conditions permit, it is better to plant rice after the harvest of vegetables.
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