In the greenhouse, humidity levels were consistently high, which contributed to a higher incidence of vegetable diseases. Among the most common and damaging ones were gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), bacterial blight, downy mildew, and anthracnose. Controlling these key diseases was essential for maintaining healthy crops in controlled environments.
Gray mold is particularly prevalent and destructive, especially in crops like eggplants, tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, and kidney beans. The disease tends to be more severe before and after flowering. It thrives in cool temperatures (10–15°C), rainy weather, and high humidity. To manage it effectively, growers should ensure proper drainage and maintain good ventilation. At the early stages of infection, several fungicides can be applied, such as 50% iprodione, 25% procymidone, 50% carbendazim, 25% polyram, 10% difenoconazole, or 20% pyrimethanil. Additionally, smoke agents like shiyao, fast-king, and chlorothalonil mixed with wood chips (1 kg per 30 cubic meters) can be used for fumigation, providing effective control.
Another major threat is bacterial blight, which affects not only eggplants but also cucumbers, wax gourds, and legumes. Eggplants are especially vulnerable during their fruiting period, with the disease primarily attacking the fruits. Early symptoms include water-soaked spots on the fruit surface, which later turn yellow-brown and sunken, eventually leading to blackening and fruit drop. During periods of continuous rain, prevention becomes critical. Fungicides like 78% mancozeb, 20% carbendazim, 72% mancozeb (Kelu), 64% oxathiapiprolin, 68.7% cyprodiamine, 50% dimethomorph, 58% methoxyfen, and 25% metalaxyl are recommended for effective control.
Downy mildew is one of the most serious diseases affecting cucumbers, mainly targeting the leaves. It begins as water-soaked, light green spots that quickly turn brown when dry. The disease thrives in warm and humid conditions, with peak outbreaks typically occurring in mid-to-late May, coinciding with the fruiting period of cucumbers. Preventive measures should focus on early May, before the onset of high temperature and humidity. Fungicides such as 72% Kelu, 58% Ledomil, 70% chlorothalonil, and 72% Prokary (Perkinam) are effective options, especially during the seeding stage.
Anthracnose is a significant disease affecting chili peppers, as well as eggplants, tomatoes, melons, and legumes. It is commonly referred to as defoliation and is characterized by black, brown, or orange-red spots on infected tissues. High temperatures, heavy rainfall, poor drainage, overcrowded planting, improper fertilization, excessive nitrogen use, and inadequate ventilation all contribute to its spread. Prevention and control should begin in early May, with continued efforts from June to August. Effective treatments include 75% chlorothalonil, 87% mancozeb, 50% thiophanate-methyl, and 64% oxathiapiprolin.
By implementing timely and targeted disease management strategies, growers can significantly reduce losses and improve crop quality in their greenhouses.
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