1 requirements on the environment of the place of production
Fresh corn planting requires fresh air, fertile soil, deep plowing layer, strong soil and fertility, and low agricultural pollution sources. Farmland irrigation and drainage facilities are suitable for irrigation and irrigation. The environmental quality conditions of the producing areas should be in line with the environmental quality standards for green food production areas (NY/T391-2000), and strictly applied in accordance with the Guidelines for the Use of Green Food Pesticides (NY/T393-2000) and the Guidelines for the Use of Green Food Fertilizers (NY/T394-2000). Pesticides and fertilizers improve the yield and quality of fresh corn.
2 species selection
In terms of production, fresh corn is mainly divided into 3 types: sweet corn, super sweet corn and waxy corn. Super-sweet corn and waxy maize should be selected as the main products of young fruit spikes or quick-frozen fresh corn. . Super-sweet corn and glutinous corn should be planted with reasonable mix of early, middle and late-maturing varieties, and they should be listed in stages for increasing economic efficiency. At present, the varieties of fresh corn that are more suitable for planting in Shanghai include Huazhen and Jinyin 818 super sweet corn, Suqi No. 2, Caitianuo No. 2 and Caitianyan No. 5 waxy corn. In order to ensure the quality of fresh corn products and prevent the different types of corn from being intermixed, fresh corn should be planted with ordinary corn or other types of corn in isolation. Space isolation and time isolation can be used, but the best effect is to use space isolation. Space isolation requires that fresh corn and normal corn are separated by more than 400 m.
3 fine soil preparation, adequate base fertilizer
3.1 Soil Preparation
Fresh corn seed germination and the ability of the top soil to be weak, should choose a deep soil layer, good fertility permeability, irrigation and drainage of a convenient field cultivation. In order to meet the requirements of strong seedlings, it is necessary to plow the soil before sowing, so as to loosen the soil and create a deep, loose, fine, and fat soil environment, so as to ensure that seedlings emerge quickly and neatly after sowing. Build about 220cm wide (even ditch), planting 3 lines per plant.
3.2 Reapply basal fertilizer and apply sufficient fertilizer
Apply enough base fertilizer before planting. Apply 500kg of organic fertilizer of Lijiang brand and 50kg of BB fertilizer for every 667m2. Then apply 10kg of BB fertilizer as seed fertilizer and then soak in 4-5cm of soil. The amount of base fertilizer should account for about 60% of the total fertilizer. . The application of organic fertilizer can fertilize the soil, enhance soil fertility and water retention capacity, promote early and early mid-term stability of fresh corn, and effectively improve the quality of fresh corn ear.
4 appropriate sowing
4.1 Seed processing
Seed treatment before sowing, increase seed germination rate and seedling rate, reduce pest damage. Due to the high sugar content of fresh corn, the seeds are vulnerable to feeding by soil pests in the soil, resulting in seedling deficiency. Therefore, it is best to use seed dressing and germination. Select full and robust seeds, first immersed in fresh water for 24 hours, removed and washed with a broad-spectrum insecticide, 10% pyriponitrile suspension (divided) and dressed (add a small amount of water to make insecticide adhere to the seeds). Put the seeds into the container and spray 40-45°C warm water on the seed surface. After 24 hours at 25-28°C, the seeds can be flushed. When the buds are white, the seeds can be sown to prevent the shoots from growing too long.
4.2 Reasonable and sparse
The suitable field planting density should be determined according to the characteristics of fresh corn varieties, climate characteristics, management level and ear commodity requirements. Generally, the spring planting density is slightly lower and the autumn planting density is slightly higher. Broad and sparse planting and appropriate close planting are conducive to improving the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the field, improving the uniformity of the population, consolidating effective panicles, increasing the weight of the ear, and increasing the commodity value of fresh corn. Planting spacing is generally 70 cm, plant spacing is 26-28 cm, and 3300-3500 plants are planted per 667 m2. Due to the difference in breeds and cultivation levels, the generally flat variety is planted with 3300-3500 plants per 667 m2, and the compact planting density can be appropriately increased.
4.3 suitable sowing
Early harvesting and early harvesting are effective measures to increase the competitiveness of the fresh corn market. The sowing date of fresh corn should be taken into consideration according to the weather season and breed characteristics, combined with the supply time of fresh corn market, the busy season of the quick-freezing factory and the harvesting period before harvest, and the earliest sowing date in spring should be at the average daily temperature. The planting was started when the stability reached 12°C (around April 6 in Songjiang area). If the cultivation was covered with mulching film, it could be planted 10 days earlier. The adoption of thin-film seedling transplanting could be advanced 13-15 days. The minimum sowing date in autumn must ensure that the average daily temperature during the harvest period is stable above 18°C. Seeding methods can be used live seedlings or transplanting, live broadcast generally use opencast or sowing, sowing depth of 4 - 5cm, each point (hole) sowing 1 seed, seedling transplanting is conducive to early maturation, seedlings the best use of plug seedlings , transplant soil with 2-3 leaves. In addition, 10% of ready-to-see seedlings are to be prepared for live plots. Fresh corn kernels are more lean, their germination potential is weak, and their ability to top soil is poor. They should be appropriately sown when sowing, and sowing depth of 3-4 cm soil moisture should be 60%-70% of field capacity for proper sowing. Spray the herbicide on the day after sowing. Use 96% of the Kirdur EC herbicide 50g per 667 m2. Add 400 mL of water and stir while stirring. Mix thoroughly. Spray the spatula and the ditch surface uniformly with a sprayer for weeding and prevent sowing. The occurrence of weeding in the seedling stage.
5 Field Management
5.1 timely set seedlings, early application of Miao Fei
When the fresh corn has 3-4 leaves, it is necessary to check the seedlings in the field, timely transfer the seedlings to fill the gaps, and move the seedlings to the lack of seedlings. When the seedlings are transplanted, the seedlings should be brought into the soil and watered immediately after planting to promote the transplanting of seedlings. Fresh corn has the characteristics of tillering. In order to ensure the yield and grade of the ear, the right to remove the hammer should be removed as soon as possible. In the 3-5 leaf stage, shallow-medium tillage soil and top-dressing seedlings should be applied, topdressing 7-8 kg of urea per 667 m2, to promote the growth of fresh corn seedlings.
5.2 Do a good job of mid-term management
When the 7-8 leaf is unfolded, fresh corn enters the stage of male and female growth and differentiation, and the panicle fertilizer should be chased in time. Generally, 20 kg of BB fertilizer is applied per 667 m2, and the amount of fertilizer is about 30% of the total fertilizer. The field with poor growth potential can be fertilized as early as possible to promote balanced growth of fresh corn. The booting stage is the critical period for determining the size of the ear. Adequate fertilizer, water and light can promote the growth of fresh corn in the middle and later stages, reduce the degradation of the top of the ear, expand the leaf area of ​​the upper functional leaves, and have many large grains in the panicle. During the whole booting period, the growth of fresh corn has more demand for water, and the appropriate field capacity is 70%-80%. According to the weather conditions and changes in soil moisture content, timely irrigation and drainage measures should be taken to ensure the steady growth of fresh corn at booting stage.
When the fresh corn basal 2-3 quarters have been basically fixed (about 45 days after sowing in spring corn and about 35 days after sowing in autumn corn), the tassel enters the floret differentiation stage and the female ear enters the stage of growth cone elongation. Fresh corn grows into the big bell-mouth period. At this time, panicle fertilizer must be re-applied. Topdressing BB fertilizer is 30kg per 667 m2. The amount of about 60% of the total topdressing fertilizer can promote the differentiation of the spikelets and florets, and extend the leaves. During the functional period, we strive to obtain large grains and increase the output of fresh corn.
5.3 Pollination and Detasseling
During the period from fresh corn growth to pollination and seeding stage, attention should be paid to artificially assisted pollination and detasseling to increase the rate of fertility and promote grain filling. Spring and autumn corn in the Shanghai area often encounter the rainy season and autumn rain in the loose powder period. When it comes to continuous rainy days, artificially-assisted pollination should be strengthened. To reduce nutrient consumption, tassels are cut after pollination is completed. When most fresh corn enters the heading stage, there will be a phenomenon of multiple spikes. The extra spikelets should be stripped in time. This is a key measure to increase the yield of fresh corn and the quality of the ear, which can enhance the growth of fresh corn at later stages. vitality.
6 Green Control pests. Guarantee corn quality
Fresh corn diseases mainly include corn leaf spot, leaf spot, rust, ear rot, etc. The pests mainly include underground pests, aphids, corn borers, Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua. In order to ensure the normal growth, yield and quality of fresh corn, we must follow the plant protection policy of prevention and comprehensive prevention, firmly establish the concept of pest control and prevention of green plant protection, adopt various effective production management measures, and strictly control the occurrence of fresh corn pests and diseases. harm.
6.1 Agricultural Control
6.1.1 Selecting high-yield, disease-resistant and insect-resistant varieties According to the incidence of fresh corn diseases and pests in our town over the years, we eliminated the varieties with poor resistance to diseases and pests, and selected varieties with stable growth, high yield, and high quality, and strong resistance to pests and diseases. Rational crop rotation, fresh corn should not continue cropping, should be a reasonable rotation with rice, vegetables and other crops, can reduce the pest and weed damage, improve soil fertility, promote fresh corn growth.
6.1.2 Implementation of standardized planting Fresh corn should be planted in the north-south direction and narrow-line and narrow-strain standardized planting, which can improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the corn field, reduce the humidity in the field, and create favorable growth for the fresh corn, which is unfavorable Field microclimate conditions in which maize pests and diseases are breeding.
6.1.3 The scientific and rational application of fertilizers to increase the application of organic fertilizers and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, suitable top dressing and cultivator cultivation, promote the deep rooting of fresh corn, thick stalks, enhance the resistance of pests and resistance of fresh corn ability.
6.1.4 Keep the pastoral clean, reduce the initial infection source timely remove the corn disease leaves, do a good job of artificial cultivation, weeding, and timely removal of sick leaves and weeds out of the corn field, reduce and cut off pests and diseases, effective Reduce the breeding base.
6.2 Physical Control
Using the characteristics of phototaxis, coloration, etc. of harmful insects, fresh corn fields are used to trap and kill aphids using yellow plates, installing black light, frequency-vibration insecticidal lamps and sex attractants to attract insects, kill insects, reduce the use of chemical pesticides, and effectively protect fresh Eat maize production environment and improve the quality of fresh corn products.
6.3 Biological Control
Actively protect and use natural enemies to prevent pests and diseases. The use of bio-pesticides such as kasugamycin, streptomycin for agriculture, Bacillus thuringiensis (BT), matrine, and azadirachtin to control pests and diseases.
6.4 Chemical Control
6.4.1 Diseases Strengthen the forecast of pests and diseases, master the dynamics of pests and diseases of fresh corn, and carry out chemical control in a timely manner. Generally, the pesticide is used at the early stage of disease. Rust can be uniformly sprayed with 6% of kasugamycin wettable powder 300 times. Large spot, small spot, and grey spot can be controlled with 1000-1500 times of Amisidae.
6.4.2 Insect pests Fresh corn can easily cause pests such as corn borer, Spodoptera litura and roundworm. Ground pests such as small ground tigers can be pretreated with 10% pyriponitrile suspension (dilution) before planting fresh corn. Corn glutinous rice can be diluted with 1000 times of Bacillus thuringiensis 150g to control at the fresh corn trumpet; it can also be used at the end of the fresh corn leaf, with 5 billion to 10 billion, 0.5 grams of bacteria powder of Beauveria bassiana. Mixing about 5kg granules into the heart, have a good control effect. Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua can be used as a hit (150g/L indoxacarb suspension) 10 to 18 mL, and the water can be uniformly sprayed with 3500 to 4000 times liquid. It is also possible to use Okuichi No. 1 (1 billion PIB/mL silverfly). Nuclear polyhedrosis virus suspension) 100-150mL, uniform water spray 800-1200 times spray control, or use PuZun (5% chlorantraniliprole suspension) 55mL, 1300 times the water evenly spray control, several agents Alternate use of prevention and treatment is better.
7 Timely harvesting and listing
Fresh corn harvesting is suitable for the ear ripening period. Due to the different seasons of fresh corn planting, the ripening period will be different. Generally, after 24-24 days of pollination and 24-26 days after pollination, the fresh corn filaments will be withered and black, and the grains at the top of the panicle will be full. The loquat leaves become soft, at this time the fresh corn kernels have high sugar content and good quality, and are most suitable for harvesting and marketing.
Production should pay attention to grasp the best harvest time of fresh corn, harvesting too early and late will affect the quality and yield of fresh corn, and with the harvest with the market. If the fresh corn is harvested and sold by quick-freezing, it should be steamed and steamed. Do not use boiled water to avoid quality degradation. And through quick-freeze processing and packaging, ensure the quality of fresh corn, extend the market supply period, increase farmers' income, and increase the economic benefits of professional cooperatives.