In recent years, tulips have been widely cultivated in major cities in China and have become important bulbous flowers in spring gardens. However, the frequent occurrence of various pests and diseases not only causes loss of yield, but also seriously affects the ornamental value. Combining many years of cultivation experience, several common pests and diseases of tulips are listed, and from the perspective of comprehensive prevention and control, a combination of cultivation management and chemical control strategies is proposed.
First, the types, symptoms and incidence of common diseases and pests Tulip disease, also known as tulip Botrytis cinerea, tulip brown spot disease, mainly damage the leaves, flowers and bulbs. After the leaves and flower parts are damaged, the plants grow and bend and finally die. In wet conditions, the diseased part produces a gray mold layer. Germs invade bulbs, causing external scales to rot and produce many dark brown sclerotia.
Young leaves can be infested when stretched. The leaf lesions were pale yellow at the beginning, appearing to be round or oblong, slightly sag, with dark water-stained edges, and later lesions expanded to become gray-brown. When the lesion occurs on the leaf margin, it causes the leaf to wrinkle to one side. When the weather is wet, the disease area covers a lot of gray mold. After the flowers were soaked, a pale brown lesion developed, followed by a gradual enlargement of the lesions, turning dark brown and eventually withering. Flower buds cannot be opened when severely infected. The lesions on the stems are longer and the depressions are deeper. When they extend to the stem for one week, the upper part of the stems are rotted and rotted. The outer skin of infected bulbs often fades and breaks, and there are many dark brown granules (small sclerotia). Peeling the skin shows dark brown near-circular lesions. The plants that grow out of susceptible bulbs are dwarfed, yellow-green, and withered.
The disease is a fungal disease. The pathogen is a fungus of the genus Botrytis spp. The bacterium sclerotia is overwintering in the remnants of the diseased plants or in the soil and becomes a source of infection in the following year. Germs spread through rain and air currents. Rainy, foggy and dew-high humid weather are conducive to the occurrence and spread of diseases. The plants in the flower garden are too dense, poorly ventilated, or surrounded with weeds. The incidence is more serious. Plants are also susceptible to disease when they are poorly growing or damaged.
Tulip base rot mainly damages bulbs and roots. Disease occurs at the base of bulbs. When the tulip flower faded, there were sporadic diseased plants in the field. The leaves were yellow and wilted. The stems and leaves turned red and yellow early. The stem base rotted and showed loose fibrous, with less root system and easy to pull out. The ball flow plastic, starch decomposition decomposition. During the harvest period, the diseased ball was newly excavated, and the outer scales produced bean-colored pod-like protrusions. After the mash was broken, the glue flowed and the wet rot occurred. The bulbs rotted from the outside to the inside. After high-temperature exposure, the diseased ball was water-gray and gray-blue and wet, or the bulb was the initial infestation point, and wet rot occurred and spread to the surroundings. Rotting tissue has pungent distilleries. After drying, the lesions appear as grayish limestone. The main storage period of the bulbs was flow plasticity, followed by yellow-brown dry rot. If in the greenhouse, susceptible plants will die of premature withering.
The disease is a fungal disease. The pathogen is the semi-known fungus Fusarium tulipifera from the genus Leptosphaeria, which has the specialization of the host and only harms the tulip. The pathogens wintered in susceptible bulbs and soil. Tulips can be affected both during growth and storage. June is the peak period of the disease. The ball-borne bacteria are the main route of disease transmission. The wound on the bulb and the poor ventilation during the storage period are the main conditions for the occurrence of the disease. Among them, the serious harm of underground pests, soil moisture and application of organic fertilizer is not the main conditions for the onset of the field. Infected bulbs often produce ethylene, affecting adjacent bulbs or plants, making them vulnerable to disease infestation. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in cultivation can increase the risk of the disease.
Tulip Penicillium, also known as Tulip bulb rot disease. The main hazard is bulbs, and symptoms can also be manifested on the ground. The bruised penis is particularly prone to this disease during storage. The surface of the victim’s bulbs is covered with a layer of green mildew, and in severe cases the inner scales are also compromised. Depths of dark brown dents formed on the bulbs, the internal scales gradually rotted, and the bulbs finally became wood-like dry rot. The disease may also manifest symptoms in the aerial parts of the growing season, ie water-stained lesions on the top of young leaves and young leaves. The disease has a distinct border and the top is covered with penicillium. The plants formed by the infected bulbs are dwarf, chlorotic, do not flower or malform, and die prematurely.
The disease is a fungal disease. The pathogen is Penicillium tulipa, a species of the genus Penicillium spp., which is mainly saprophytic. Most of the disease is caused by wound infections caused by mechanical wounds, burns, or fleas. A cool environment is conducive to infection by pathogens, and the disease is rapidly caused by poor ventilation and sweltering in storage areas. Bulbs are vulnerable during storage and transportation, and bumped bulbs are the most vulnerable.
The tulip rot sclerotia, the pathogen belongs to the genus of the microscopic sclerotium of the fungus, which mainly damages the seedlings and bulbs. After the seedlings are infested, the leaflets are just withdrawn and they die. The bulbs were damaged and soft rot was found on the outer scales. A number of white pod-like mycelium appeared on the diseased area and nearby soil surface, forming many rapeseed sclerotia.
The roots are rooted, the beak is milky-white, pear-shaped, likes to be wet, has the strongest activity at 16°C to 26°C and high humidity, and is saprophytic, mainly in the storage period. The outer skin of the affected bulb becomes hard and has a chocolate color. The scales shrink and break into pieces that resemble cork. The resulting wounds provide the conditions for the intrusion of fungi, bacteria and other harmful organisms.
Second, comprehensive control technology to improve soil structure, a reasonable rotation. Tulips like fertile, well-drained soil. Before planting, deep plowing should be carried out, artificial media should be added to improve the soil structure, and basal fertilizer should be added to create a well-drained, breathable soil condition that is conducive to rooting. Tulip continuous cropping tends to cause species degeneration and increase the accumulation of pests and diseases in the soil, and increase the probability of occurrence of pests and diseases. It usually takes 2 to 3 years for crops to be planted once. The disease is severe in the nursery, and crop rotation for more than 3 years is an effective measure for disease prevention and control. . Avoid planting tulips in contaminated soil.
Disinfection of soil and bulbs. The soil was sterilized with a mixture of formalin (1:50) and phoxim (1:1000). The film was covered for 7 days and then opened. It was air-dried (to avoid injury to the bulbs). . The ball can be sterilized with carbendazim (1:8OO) galcitendum (1:1000), immersed for 20 to 30 seconds, dried, and sowed the next day. If conditions permit, soaking in warm soup can also be used to kill pathogens better, but to master the temperature.
Strengthen cultivation management. Use disease-free ball with large diameter and large specific gravity. Control the use of nitrogen fertilizer to avoid excessive application and promote the occurrence of disease. N, P, K compound fertilizers were used to fertilize the leaves in time. Bud stage to ensure flowering quality, fertilization at the same time can be sprayed on the leaves of potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1 to 2 times. Breeding bulbs need to be buds, and then fertilize the ball. Fertilizer to avoid fertilizer into the heart, causing rotten heart. In case of dry weather, it is necessary to add water in time to facilitate hair root buds. Diseased and diseased bulbs should be removed and destroyed in time to reduce the source of infection.
Growth period of pharmaceutical control. Tulips should pay close attention to stem and leaf disease after unearthing. Especially during the leafing period, the growth potential of the plants is relatively weak, and they are vulnerable to sclerotinia disease, epidemics, etc., and it is necessary to spray the protective fungicide 600 times at a time to protect students. In the early stages of disease development, 80% Zeoxin Zinc WP 500-fold, 75% chlorothalonil 800-1000X, and thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim 600-800x were alternately sprayed. Occasionally, budworms take buds from the buds, which can be caught manually to avoid spraying. Otherwise, buds are affected. Occurrence of fleas pests, control with 1500 times Keteite.
Timely harvest and storage control. Properly harvest bulbs in advance during dry weather. Avoid sun burns, abrasions, and other injuries as much as possible. Use seedless bulbs as much as possible. Before storage, the storage room is fumigated and then the sterile ball is dried and stored in the warehouse. The excavated bulbs are impregnated with benzene to 1000 to 1200 times for 15 to 30 minutes within 48 hours, which is good for disease prevention. When storage, bulbs should not be piled up too high, it is best to arrange into thin layers, and keep the storage place clean, dry and suitable temperature and adequate ventilation, so that it is not conducive to the occurrence of diseases; also should promptly check and remove disease bulbs. General tulip storage temperature should be maintained at 22 °C to 25 °C, relative humidity 70% to 80%, after the temperature gradually decreased to 18 °C to 20 °C, and maintain good ventilation.
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