In the past, shiitake mushroom cultivation in China was largely limited to southern provinces. However, with the advancement of technology and growing market demand, there has been a significant shift toward "northward mushroom cultivation." Northern regions now utilize locally available materials like cottonseed hulls and sawdust as primary substrates. The cultivation cycle from inoculation to fruiting typically takes 60–70 days, with most production aimed at exporting high-quality mushrooms.
This northward expansion has proven advantageous due to several factors: abundant local resources that lower costs compared to the south; large temperature differences between day and night, which are ideal for mushroom growth; a higher proportion of premium quality mushrooms; an ample labor force with relatively low wages; and access to a vast consumer market with convenient transportation infrastructure, making product sales more efficient.
Despite these benefits, challenges remain. For instance, in spring planting, early low temperatures and later heat can hinder mushroom development. Autumn planting faces a short suitable temperature window, and mycelium maturation is delayed, making timely coloration difficult. To address these issues, proper techniques must be applied.
First, timing is crucial. Inoculation should be scheduled based on the specific temperature needs of each growth stage and the climate conditions in the north. This ensures optimal environmental control during germination, color change, and fruiting, leading to high yields, quality, and market efficiency.
In northern mountainous areas like Chengde and Zhangjiakou, where the climate features cold autumns and winters, and cool summers, medium- to high-temperature varieties are typically used. Inoculation occurs between February and March, allowing for robust mycelium growth with minimal contamination. By June, the mycelium matures, and mushrooms begin to form. From July to September, when southern regions are out of season, northern fresh mushrooms can be sold internationally, generating substantial profits.
In the plains of North China, autumn planting is common, using low-temperature varieties. Inoculation in August allows for natural germination, overwintering, and longer fruiting periods in the spring, resulting in higher yields.
Selecting the right strains is also essential. For spring cultivation, moderately high-temperature strains such as Cr04, L26, Shanyou 3, and Cr66 are recommended. For autumn planting, moderate- to low-temperature strains like Lianyou 5 and Cr62, combined with medium-temperature strains like L26 and Qianyou 1, are preferred.
Older strains like Cr02 offer advantages in terms of early fruiting and cold resistance but tend to produce smaller, thinner caps, making them better suited for canned goods. Strains like Cr04, Cr62, and L26, on the other hand, yield larger, rounder mushrooms with good color and thick flesh, ideal for fresh or dried exports.
To optimize growth conditions, semi-underground solar greenhouses are widely used in the north. These structures help regulate temperature and humidity, especially during extreme weather. Inside, multi-layered mushroom beds are set up, with precise spacing and watering systems to ensure even growth.
Raw material preparation is another critical step. High-quality wood chips, especially from hard deciduous trees, are mixed with cottonseed hulls, corn cobs, and soybean meal. Bran and corn flour are added as nutrients. The moisture content of the substrate is carefully controlled at around 55%, ensuring optimal conditions for mycelial growth.
Bagging procedures require attention to detail. Bags made of high-density polyethylene film are filled with the right amount of dry material, sealed tightly, and handled gently to avoid damage. Proper bagging helps maintain sterility and supports healthy mycelium development.
Inoculation methods vary, with multi-point and two-end inoculation being popular. These techniques reduce contamination risks and speed up mycelium colonization. Maintaining strict hygiene and using fresh, healthy strains are key to successful cultivation.
During the germination phase, careful monitoring of temperature, humidity, and ventilation is essential. After mycelium growth slows, the focus shifts to color transformation—a critical stage that signals the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. Temperature control is vital here, with 18–23°C being ideal for 10–15 days.
Once color change begins, fruiting can be stimulated through temperature fluctuations, humidity control, and light adjustments. Spraying water at the right time and maintaining proper air humidity are crucial for mushroom development.
After the first harvest, managing the mushroom cycle involves alternating between drying and rehydration phases. This helps sustain multiple flushes of mushrooms, increasing overall yield and profitability.
Finally, while shiitake mushrooms have a low bioconversion rate (around 10%), optimizing nutrient input and management practices can enhance productivity. Understanding the balance between substrate consumption and mushroom yield is essential for sustainable and profitable cultivation.
Flavored Tea
Flavored Tea,Lemon Tea,Peach Tea,Ginger Tea
DIYAS development Limited , https://www.diyastea.com