* Rotutellosis* Cause: Caused by a single bacillus infection. Due to the high density of feeding, the turtles bite each other and the bacteria invade, resulting in necrosis of the skin tissue at the site of injury. Water pollution can also cause turtle disease. Symptoms: The diseased turtle's affected area is ulcerated and the epidermis is whitish. Control methods: First remove the affected area, smear with chlortetracycline ointment once a day. If the turtle eats himself, add terramycin powder to the food; if the turtle has stopped eating, smear with chlortetracycline and isolate the diseased turtle. Avoid feeding water, so as not to aggravate the condition. After the turtle recovers, it will be reared in a pool. * Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis * Cause: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is widely found in soil and sewage. Mainly through the digestive tract, wound infection. There are also germs in food and water sources. Symptoms: Loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, brown or yellow pus-like stool. Anatomy can be seen: liver, spleen enlargement, the surface of a needle-like bleeding, the stomach wall height edema, hypertrophy, ulceration of gastric mucosa, intestinal mucous ulceration, extensive bleeding of the intestinal mucosa. The gastrointestinal tract is full of brownish pus-like viscous contents. Control methods: intramuscular injection of streptomycin, once daily. The dose varies according to the size of the turtle's body weight. For details, see “Dosing Dose†of “Turtle Familyâ€. * Acne disease* Cause: The pathogen is Aeromonas hydrophila spotted subspecies, often found in water, turtle skin, intestines, etc. When the water environment is good, the turtle is a carrier. Once the environment is contaminated, the turtle body is subject to trauma and the bacteria multiply, which can easily cause the turtle to become ill. Symptoms: There are one or more soya bean-sized white acne on the neck or extremities. Hand-squeezed around, there are yellow, white bean dregs-like contents. Diseased turtles can still eat in the early stages, and gradually eat less, severe cases stop eating, unresponsive. Usually within 2 to 3 weeks. Control methods: First turtle isolation and feeding. The contents of the lesions were thoroughly extruded, rubbed with sulphate, coated with oxytetracycline powder, and then tamped with cotton balls (oxytetracycline or chlortetracycline eye ointment on cotton balls). If turtles are aquatic turtles, they can be put into shallow water. Turtles should be fed with food and embedding antibiotics in the food. * Wintering Death* Cause: Before hibernation, the turtle's constitution is weak, coupled with the low temperature and temperature of the hibernation period, and the turtle is unbearably prone to long-term hypothermia. Some turtles have not been able to replenish nutrients in time after spawning in the fall. The nutrients stored in the body cannot meet the needs of the hibernation period, resulting in the death of the turtle. Symptoms: Before hibernation, the turtle's limbs are thin and the muscles are dry. Take the turtle by hand and feel that the turtle is lighter. Aquatic turtles often float on the surface. Control methods: Before hibernation, increase the amount of feeding, and add nutrients and antibiotics, such as multivitamin powder, vitamin e powder, and penicillin powder. For fragile turtles, raise them separately and warm them up so that turtles do not hibernate and turtles eat normally. * Causes of white eye disease * Causes: Eye injury or poor water quality. Stimulates the eye and causes the diseased turtle to wipe its eyes with the forelimb and infect the bacteria. The disease is more common in red-eared tortoises, turtles, yellow-throated turtles, yellow-rimmed shell turtles, eye-spotted turtles, etc., and the incidence of young turtles is higher. The onset of the season is spring, autumn, and spring after the winter is an epidemic period. Symptoms: The eyes of the diseased turtle are inflamed and congested, and the eyes are swollen. The cornea and nasal mucous membranes are eroded by inflammation of the eye. The outside of the eyeball is covered by white secretions and there is inflammation inside the eye. Diseased tortoises often use the forelimbs to wipe their eyes and are slow to move and no longer feed. In severe cases, the eyes of the diseased turtle become blind, and finally the turtle body is very thin and dead. Some diseased turtles have only one eye at the beginning of the disease. If no measures are taken, symptoms will soon appear in the other eye. Control methods: 1) Strengthen feeding and management Before and during the winter and before ingesting food, feed the animal liver (bovine liver, goat liver, rabbit liver, chicken stem, etc.) frequently to strengthen nutrition and enhance disease resistance. 2) Sterilization of turtles Glass jars, aquariums, etc. are soaked with 10% saline for 30 minutes. Rinse turtle after flushing with water. 3) Soaking with nitrofurazone (or furazolidone) solution is both a preventive measure and an early treatment. Juvenile tortoises use a concentration of 20 mg/l, hatchlings to adult turtles use a concentration of 30 mg/l, and the length of immersion depends on the temperature of the water. If necessary, dip once a day (40 minutes) and dip for 3 to 5 consecutive days. 4) Earthen ponds or cement ponds for the disinfection of turtle water body will be caught by sick turtles and turtles for further treatment. Pool turtles or turtles that did not develop in the pool were sprinkled with bleaching powder 1.5-2.0 g/m3. 5) Streptomycin (or kanamycin) was injected intraperitoneally with 200,000 units per kilogram of turtle body weight intraperitoneally. Temporary isolation after injection, observed 5-6 days, the condition was not significantly improved, the same dose of the second injection. If the sick turtle is à 勰¿ ?? E E indole l ª 4 ª $ X 9 ??? Oh ª 0 ♀:??? Disease control ª ª Ù turtles (a) * * cause skin fester disease: a single spore bacillus infection. Due to the high density of feeding, the turtles bite each other and the bacteria invade, resulting in necrosis of the skin tissue at the site of injury. Water pollution can also cause turtle disease. Symptoms: The diseased turtle's affected area is ulcerated and the epidermis is whitish. Control methods: First remove the affected area, smear with chlortetracycline ointment once a day. If the turtle eats himself, add terramycin powder to the food; if the turtle has stopped eating, smear with chlortetracycline and isolate the diseased turtle. Avoid feeding water, so as not to aggravate the condition. After the turtle recovers, it will be reared in a pool. * Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis * Cause: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is widely found in soil and sewage. Mainly through the digestive tract, wound infection. There are also germs in food and water sources. Symptoms: Loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, brown or yellow pus-like stool. Anatomy can be seen: liver, spleen enlargement, the surface of a needle-like bleeding, the stomach wall height edema, hypertrophy, ulceration of gastric mucosa, intestinal mucous ulceration, extensive bleeding of the intestinal mucosa. The gastrointestinal tract is full of brownish pus-like viscous contents. Control methods: intramuscular injection of streptomycin, once daily. The dose varies according to the size of the turtle's body weight. For details, see “Dosing Dose†of “Turtle Familyâ€. * Acne disease* Cause: The pathogen is Aeromonas hydrophila spotted subspecies, often found in water, turtle skin, intestines, etc. When the water environment is good, the turtle is a carrier. Once the environment is contaminated, the turtle body is subject to trauma and the bacteria multiply, which can easily cause the turtle to become ill. Symptoms: There are one or more soya bean-sized white acne on the neck or extremities. Hand-squeezed around, there are yellow, white bean dregs-like contents. Diseased turtles can still eat in the early stages, and gradually eat less, severe cases stop eating, unresponsive. Usually within 2 to 3 weeks. Control methods: First turtle isolation and feeding. The contents of the lesions were thoroughly extruded, rubbed with sulphate, coated with oxytetracycline powder, and then tamped with cotton balls (oxytetracycline or chlortetracycline eye ointment on cotton balls). If turtles are aquatic turtles, they can be put into shallow water. Turtles should be fed with food and embedding antibiotics in the food. * Wintering Death* Cause: Before hibernation, the turtle's constitution is weak, coupled with the low temperature and temperature of the hibernation period, and the turtle is unbearably prone to long-term hypothermia. Some turtles have not been able to replenish nutrients in time after spawning in the fall. The nutrients stored in the body cannot meet the needs of the hibernation period, resulting in the death of the turtle. Symptoms: Before hibernation, the turtle's limbs are thin and the muscles are dry. Take the turtle by hand and feel that the turtle is lighter. Aquatic turtles often float on the surface. Control methods: Before hibernation, increase the amount of feeding, and add nutrients and antibiotics, such as multivitamin powder, vitamin e powder, and penicillin powder. For fragile turtles, raise them separately and warm them up so that turtles do not hibernate and turtles eat normally. * Causes of white eye disease * Causes: Eye injury or poor water quality. Stimulates the eye and causes the diseased turtle to wipe its eyes with the forelimb and infect the bacteria. The disease is more common in red-eared tortoises, turtles, yellow-throated turtles, yellow-rimmed shell turtles, eye-spotted turtles, etc., and the incidence of young turtles is higher. The onset of the season is spring, autumn, and spring after the winter is an epidemic period. Symptoms: The eyes of the diseased turtle are inflamed and congested, and the eyes are swollen. The cornea and nasal mucous membranes are eroded by inflammation of the eye. The outside of the eyeball is covered by white secretions and there is inflammation inside the eye. Diseased tortoises often use the forelimbs to wipe their eyes and are slow to move and no longer feed. In severe cases, the eyes of the diseased turtle become blind, and finally the turtle body is very thin and dead. Some diseased turtles have only one eye at the beginning of the disease. If no measures are taken, symptoms will soon appear in the other eye. Control methods: 1) Strengthen feeding and management Before and during the winter and before ingesting food, feed the animal liver (bovine liver, goat liver, rabbit liver, chicken stem, etc.) frequently to strengthen nutrition and enhance disease resistance. 2) Sterilization of turtles Glass jars, aquariums, etc. are soaked with 10% saline for 30 minutes. Rinse turtle after flushing with water. 3) Soaking with nitrofurazone (or furazolidone) solution is both a preventive measure and an early treatment. Juvenile tortoises use a concentration of 20 mg/l, hatchlings to adult turtles use a concentration of 30 mg/l, and the length of immersion depends on the temperature of the water. If necessary, dip once a day (40 minutes) and dip for 3 to 5 consecutive days. 4) Earthen ponds or cement ponds for the disinfection of turtle water body will be caught by sick turtles and turtles for further treatment. Pool turtles or turtles that did not develop in the pool were sprinkled with bleaching powder 1.5-2.0 g/m3. 5) Streptomycin (or kanamycin) was injected intraperitoneally with 200,000 units per kilogram of turtle body weight intraperitoneally. Temporary isolation after injection, observed 5-6 days, the condition was not significantly improved, the same dose of the second injection. If the diseased turtle is a method of treatment. * Causes of turtle turtle water: Semi-aquatic turtles are in deep pools for long periods of time. They cannot float, they can only float on the water and stretch their neck and neck to breathe. After a long time, the turtles lose their strength and drown; sometimes changing water, Suddenly increasing the water level, the large fluctuations in the water surface can also cause turtle water. Symptoms: The turtle's neck is swollen and its limbs are weak. After dissection, the lungs are filled with water, and intraperitoneal water is more. Prevention methods: After discovering the diseased turtle, the glans will face downwards, and the water in the nostrils will flow out, and the fingers will be used to compress the limbs of the turtles, which will be squeezed regularly. Mild drowning turtles were placed in ventilated areas to allow them to slowly recover. * Stomatitis* Cause: Ingestion of sharp foreign body or lack of vitamin C causes oral epidermal damage or ulcers. Symptoms: mouth ulcers, white necrotic inflammation of the epidermis, purulent discharge in severe cases, turtles stop eating. Method of prevention and cure: Use a sterile cotton wool to wrap the tweezers, remove the pus, and scrub the oral cavity with the raveroneur solution. Spray the affected area with watermelon cream once a day. Antibiotic drugs were mixed in the feed and fed continuously for 3 days. * Esophagitis * Cause: Captured aquatic turtles, some have hooks in their mouths; when feeding daily, when feeding small fish, shrimp and other bait, the hard burrs are not removed, resulting in damage to the esophagus of the turtle. Symptoms: turtles stop eating, damage to esophageal mucosa, and bad smell in the mouth. Control methods: 2 people need to cooperate with the treatment. Hold the turtle upright, use a hard object to open the turtle's mouth, plug the stick into the turtle's mouth, and separate the upper and lower jaws. Use tweezers to reach the esophagus, clamp the steel hooks, and pull down firmly. Remove the barb from the skin and remove the steel hook along the esophagus. Clean the wound with 0.3% potassium permanganate solution and apply antibiotic powder to the affected side. Turtles should not be placed in deep water to prevent infection. * Pneumonia* Cause: In the hibernation period, the humidity in the turtle house is relatively large, the temperature is low, and the temperature changes greatly; in the summer, the temperature of the turtle house is high and it is hot and the temperature suddenly drops. Symptoms: The diseased turtle has nasal discharge from its nose, pus is thick at the end, and the sound of breathing is large. There is white mucus at the mouth or surface of the turtle. The land turtle enjoys drinking water and has a large quantity. Control methods: In the winter, the temperature in the turtlehouse should be kept constant, and the temperature difference should not change much. Pay attention to ventilation in summer. When the temperature drops abruptly, increase the temperature in time. For diseased turtles, they are isolated and reared, and intramuscular injections of gentamycin, streptomycin, and penicillin are required. Seriously invalid. * Ectoparasite* Cause: Aquatic turtles, terrestrial turtles have been infected by parasites in the wild. The types of parasites include cockroaches, cockroaches, cockroaches, and otters. Symptoms: There are worms on the surface of the turtle and the turtle is wasted. Control methods: Find the turtle's body surface immediately after removal of the body. The newly purchased turtle was immersed in a solution of 1% trichlorfon for 2 consecutive days. Artificially reared turtles have a low incidence. For aquatic turtles dipping with 0.7 mg/L copper sulfate solution for 20-30 minutes, the blister falls off and dies. * Internal parasites* Cause: When turtles eat, eggs and body parasites of various parasites are inhabited in the human body and parasites in the turtle's intestine, stomach, lungs, and liver. The parasite species include the drosophila, helminths, trypanosomes, hanging bell insects, cryptosporidium, nematodes, and thorny head worms. Symptoms: The turtle's body is poor and its shape is thin. Control methods: Feed the parasite insecticide to the introduced turtle. Such as intestinal worms, imidazole and so on. Daily ban on feeding rotten food. * Gastroenteritis* etiology: After feeding turtles, turtles may become ill due to a sudden drop in ambient temperature, feeds that are not fresh, and water quality are corrupted. Symptoms: Mild diseased turtles have a small amount of mucous or faeces in the feces. They are yellow, green, or dark green. The turtles eat in small amounts. Severe turtle manure was watery or mucus-like, with a paste color and blood red color. A small amount was swabbed with a cotton bud and applied to a white paper. Blood was visible and the turtle was hunger striker. The anatomy shows bleeding in the intestine and stomach wall. Control methods: Gastroenteritis treatment, focusing on the anti-inflammatory bowel and stomach, gastrointestinal mucosa protection, antidiarrheal, rehydration. Mild diseased turtles may take furazolidone, berberine, chloramphenicol, and the like. Intramuscular treatment is used for severe cases, supplemented with vitamins. * Hemorrhagic septicemia* Cause: Caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. Symptoms: The condition is contagious. Turtle skin has bleeding spots, and severe skin ulceration and suppuration. Anatomical findings revealed that the liver was swollen, the spleen was bruised, the intestinal mucosa was congested, the intestinal contents were dark, and the lungs were congested. Control methods: The sick turtles were lightly and heavily binned and moved to the pool. The mild diseased turtle was fed with dicamba, spiramycin, and the like, and soaked in a solution of fluorinated acid for 24 hours. In severe cases, intramuscular injection of chloramphenicol Some treatments are invalid. * Penis prolapse* Cause: The male hormone in the turtle is too high. Symptoms: Normal turtles, sexually mature male penises, mating of the penis with the female during mating season mating, after the mating is over, the penis shrinks within the cloaca. Some male turtles have their penis occasionally exposed and can be retracted immediately. Unusual males, after the penis is exposed, cannot be retracted in time, have a longer exposure time, are bitten by other turtles or bruised by foreign materials, but also suffer from tissue necrosis due to prolonged exposure, infection, and death from other diseases. Control methods: regular inspections and inspections. Dispose of sick turtles in time. The exposed penis was sterilized with iodine, returned to the cloaca, and 1-2 stitches were made at the cloaca to prevent the penis from coming out again. Severe turtles should undergo resection surgery. Firstly, the surface should be flushed with normal saline, and the penis located at the cloacal hole should be tightly closed with a medical suture. Then, use a scalpel to remove the part other than the ligatures, and then continue to sterilize the wound and sterilize the mucosa. Then release the mucosa. The tight wire is then sterilized with iodine and the remaining part is retracted. Turtles after surgery should not be placed in water, should dry. Turtles should be fed with antibiotics in feed and fed continuously for 3-4 days. The dying turtles were given intramuscular injections of penicillin and streptomycin to prevent infection. The main cause of turtle disease Turtles of nature have a strong resistance to disease and rarely become ill, but in the process of artificial breeding, due to contamination of water sources and air, turtles can become sick and even cause death. First, the main causes of turtle disease in the process of artificial rearing: 1. The deterioration of pool water quality The quality of the rearing pond water quality is closely related to the health of the turtle. If excessive feed is put into the rearing pond, or the excrement of the turtle is Excessive stock in the pool, stinking water quality after corruption, can breed a variety of harmful bacteria and harmful algal blooms, a large number of breeding bacteria, resulting in the occurrence of turtle infectious diseases. 2. Stocking density is too large or the size of polyculture is high. In the case of high-density stocking, due to the lack of normal range of activities, resulting in competition for bait and killing, or weakening the turtle can not find food. If turtles of different sizes are stocked in the same pool, weak meat and weak food are produced, making small turtles susceptible to diseases. 3. Contaminated water sources Artificial breeding turtles must meet the standard of drinking water for drinking. If you replace water that has been contaminated with industrial pollution or other chemical substances, it will cause the turtle to become sick or even die. 4. Temperatures are too high or too low. Most of the turtles grow in tropical and subtropical climates. Winter temperatures enter hibernation at 10°C. If it is lower than 5°C, insulation measures should be taken to keep the temperature at the hibernation temperature, otherwise it will be frozen to death. In the summer or early autumn season, if the necessary cooling measures are not taken and the water temperature is too high (above 45°C), the appetite of the turtle will be reduced and the body will lose weight, and the resistance will drop or even die. 5. When a disabled turtle is introduced into the pool and introduced into a turtle, it must be carefully selected for turtle-free, healthy feeding. If there are turtles that have disease or disability, the pool is susceptible to germs, causing the death of the whole pond turtle. 6, artificial bacteria into the pond bacteria is the culprit induced turtle disease. People in social activities, hands, feet, shoes and other places are the main places with bacteria. In the breeding pond, it is forbidden for outsiders to enter freely, and the staff must also change shoes. The used items must also be disinfected regularly to stop the pathogens from being carried into the pool. Second, the prevention of turtle disease According to the causes of the above-mentioned turtle disease, take appropriate preventive measures to reduce the turtle's disease. 1, in addition to doing a good job of feeding management, usually with some disinfection drugs (such as bleach, potassium permanganate, etc.), regular cleaning and disinfection. 2. Feeds that are spoiled, toxic, or contaminated feeds are not fed. 3. Change the water frequently, maintain good water quality, and ensure the sanitation of the bottom and surrounding walls. 4, do winter cold insulation measures. 5. It is forbidden for anyone other than the staff to enter the pool so as not to bring the bacteria into the venue. Third, the common diseases of turtles and the treatment of turtle diseases are: pneumonia, enteritis, water mold, skin rot disease, turtle neck ulcer disease. 1, pneumonia: cough, tracheal vocal, sometimes breathing mouth or cough out milky viscous sputum. Remedy: Penicillin injection. The dose is one-tenth of the human dose, three days for a course of treatment, continuous injection of 2-3 courses of treatment. 2, enteritis: mentally sluggish, do not love activities, head and neck look weak and drooping, do not think about food, and sometimes discharge yellow-white sticky feces. Treatment: One tablet of oxytetracycline, three tablets of Liushen, and one tablet of dry yeast are used each time. Take one serving twice a day for three consecutive days. 3, Sphaerotheca: Occurred in young turtles, turtles rarely occur. 4, skin rot: collar, limbs, skirts, tail and other skin corruption, erosion and necrosis, the formation of ulcers, severe claws off, exposed bone, (this disease should be distinguished from the usual skin injury caused by mating, this Neck injuries do not require special treatment and can heal naturally. Treatment: Soak with 10ppm sulfonamide or antibiotic solution. 2 at the beginning of the disease with 2% - 3% bleach solution, once every other day, a month can be cured. 5, turtle neck ulcers: neck swelling, ulceration with cotton-like clumps, loss of appetite or not food, died a few days later. Treatment: 1 Immerse the diseased turtle with 5% saline for one hour and twice a day. 2 Dip diseased turtles with Malachite Green 5 times a million times daily. 3 with oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and other antibiotic ointment applied to the affected area. 6, pneumococcal syndrome: manifestations of pneumonia symptoms, difficulty breathing, breathing when the head up Yang, Zhang mouth wide eyeball congestion, edema, subsidence, sick turtle action is slow, sluggish. Treatment: Feed with antibiotic creams such as chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline. 7, gastrointestinal ulcer disease: If the outer surface of the epidermis fragmentation, and shedding, performance has been suffering from the disease. Treatment: One pill is used to cure a diseased pill, grated feed is fed until cured. 8, soft body disease: The symptoms are weakness in the body, loss of appetite, apathy, which is caused by the lack of sunlight and malnutrition. Turtles are cool, but they should always end up with ultra-filtered UV radiation and often feed nutritious foods. Purchase and Feeding of Brazilian Turtles 1. How to Buy Healthy Turtles are hard and intact, body thickness, bright green armor, bright eyes, large nostrils, clean circulation of the nostrils, and flexible rear head and limbs. Fight for food, and some will climb to rest on other Turtles. In short, choose lively and lively turtles. 2, the construction of turtle box all turtles like to stay in the water or eat, but also like to rest on the land or the sun. The turtle does not lick and breathe with the lungs. It cannot stay in the water for a long time. Therefore, after staying in the water for a certain period of time, it must float to breathe and breathe the surface of the nostrils. Therefore, no matter how you design the turtle box, you must have water in principle. Lu, it is best to have half of the water and land, a ladder between the land and the water, to climb the road to the turtle. The slope is about 20 degrees, so that turtles can easily go up and down. 3, turtle feeding and bait (1) Brazilian turtles have the habit of sun but not long-term sun. Outdoor turtle box can not be placed in direct sunlight for a long time, there must be shade facilities. If a turtle is raised indoors, an ultraviolet lamp may be installed at a distance of 30 cm from the turtle box for 15 to 20 minutes per day. Note that the turtle escapes inside the box. It is best to add a net cover. The drop in winter water temperature makes it hibernate. If possible in the summer, the turtle can be taken out in the sun during the day and recovered at night. (2) Farming should not be too dense, should be the size of the classification, the turtle will be weak and strong food, such as a large number of turtles should be separated by the stock, usually 30 to 40 intervals, easy to manage, can promote growth. (3) Turtles are omnivorous animals. Wild turtles in the natural world mostly rely on meat. Feeding when feeding small fish, shrimp, liver, red worms, cockroaches and so on. The feeding material should be thrown into the water, but do not put pebbles in the water so as to prevent the feed from rot in the stone gap and affect the water quality. (4) Keep water clean and change water frequently. In addition, the bottom sand is often cleaned. Avoid bacteria and pests. 4. Treatment of Brazilian Turtle Eye Disease Brazil Turtle Eye Disease is called white eye disease and is caused by water pollution. The turtle was removed from the water and placed in a dark place. The membranes in the eyes were allowed to flow out and some of the animals' livers could be fed. Eyedrops with chloramphenicol or other anti-inflammatory eye drops, once or twice a day, or one or two times with a penicillin dose of 45,000 units per kilogram of turtle body weight; or with a cotton swab or a new brush tip holding 1% of nitrofurazone or 1 % of the aqueous solution of Levnurs is painted twice a day and then placed in clean water. Basically six days can be cured.
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