Although there are many pigs in China, there is a big gap between the level of production and that of Europe and the United States. Europe's advanced large-scale pig farms can already provide 27 pigs per year for each sow, and the average level of large-scale pig farms in China is only about 18 heads. This gap is huge, which is equivalent to the fact that we produce one litter per year per sow. The author has been thinking about the gap between breeds, equipment conditions, or feeding and management techniques. I would like to talk about some personal views and opinions on domestic sow rearing.
1 Concept is the first restrictive factor The author believes that our species is not much different from Europe and the United States. The breeds raised on large-scale pig farms basically come from varieties imported from Europe and the United States in recent years. Is it difference in feeding conditions and equipment? I do not think it is. Some time ago, the author accompanied a European pig farmer to visit a domestic pig farm. The equipment conditions were very general. However, the average number of litters at the beginning of Wowo could reach 12.5 or more, and the average number of litters and weaners survived 11 or more. Experts praised it. . Although the equipment conditions are very general, the level of production is very similar to that of Europe. Foreign experts believe that human resources can compensate for the lack of equipment conditions. The technology gap is still the key, but what has influenced the technology? The author thinks it is a concept. The history of China for thousands of years has been to position pigs as omnivorous animals since ancient times. People can't eat anything that is eaten by pigs. Pigs do not need to eat so much at all; but now the pigs have changed, compared with the pigs we raised 20 years ago. It can be said that it is not the same kind of pig at all. Now the pig's backfat is at least 50% lower than the Chinese variety 30 years ago. With the continuous improvement of lean meat ratio, modern pigs are more sensitive to nutrition than their ancestors, and most of our farms do not attach great importance to this change. The raising of modern breeds is based on the old feeding mode, and low input and high output are not possible at all.
The author finds that China's farms have a common feature: they spend money when introducing them, but they are reluctant to spend money during the breeding process, and they are excellent breeds. They use old feeding and management methods and eat low-standard foods. The result is that the performance of a thoroughbred must not be exerted.
2 Mistakes in the gilt cultivation phase A basic sow herd with excellent reproduction capacity starts with the cultivation of gilts. Many pig farms pay little attention to gilts, and gilding results have a huge impact on the reproductive sow's life.
2.1 There are many farms gilts do not use special feed, eat together with the finishing pigs to eat together, such as enough weight to start breeding, so how can the sow high yield? Today's lean sows in the reserve phase of the trace elements, macronutrients, vitamins are generally 30% to 40% higher than fattening pigs, and some nutrients are even twice as high. We hope that when gilts are mated, the bones will be fully mineralized, which will lay a good foundation for future high-reproductive performance.
2.2 There are many pig farms over-feeding gilts during the cultivation phase, resulting in a small body weight at the time of mating, the thickness of P2 backfat at the time of mating is lower than the required standard (the thickness of a backfat at the last rib, 6 cm from the dorsal midline, breeding When it is required to reach 18-22mm), there are few pig farms in China to measure the thickness of P2 backfat (12-14mm) when the reserve sow is 100kg, this indicator is very important for dietitians, because the dietitian should adjust according to this indicator. The supply of various nutrients in the gilt feed formula ensures that the thickness of the P2 backfat can reach 18-22 mm when the gilts are mated.
The significance of measuring P2 backfat thickness is to be able to clearly know the sow's reserve capacity. A large number of experiments have confirmed that if the sow's P2 backfat thickness reaches 18-22 mm when sow is mated, the useful life of the sow will be extended and the lactation ability will be strong at the time of first production. This indicator can influence the life of the sow. The majority of pig farms in China do not have the ability to measure the thickness of P2 backfat. These farms can refer to another simple indicator that allows gilts to reach 100 kg body weight at 150 days of age. There are many pig farms where it is difficult to grow pigs at such rapid rates; the weight of the second estrus can reach 125 to 135 kg. Breeding sows with great sows have a good reproductive performance, and many sows are able to turn around in the limit bar when they are first born. Such sows have no way of high yield because the reserve will soon be consumed and show Lack of lactation capacity, and production indicators after the second birth will be affected.
2.3 The success rate of gilt breeding has declined. Many gilts have been eliminated because they are not estrus. An important reason why gilts are not estrus is that the 150-day-old gilts are being exposed to mature boars on a daily basis during gilt feeding management. The usual practice is to contact twice a day for 15 minutes, and it must be in direct contact with the body. The pig farms in Europe and the United States are very serious about this management procedure. This will not only increase the estrus rate of gilts, but more importantly, the number of born litters will also increase. The human capital of Europe and the United States is much more expensive than ours, and we are far inferior to others in this issue. The author believes that the degree of emphasis is not enough. In the end, the gilt must be turned into a commodity pig and the economic loss is great.
3 Low sow reproductive capacity is a common problem Low breeding ability of sows is a common problem in pig farms in China, and it is also a major problem affecting the economic benefits of pig farms. The main problem is that there are fewer litters and there are many live pigs. Less than 10, and sows have poor lactation. If the number of litters does not increase, it will be difficult to achieve or exceed 24 pigs per sow year, which will have a great impact on the economic efficiency of the farm. In fact, the sow litter size indicator fully reflects the sow system's reproductive ability. When the pig farm mentions the issue of a small number of litters, many technicians will think whether there is a problem with breeding. In fact, most of them are not breeding problems. Instead, the mode of nutrient supply is unreasonable. As a result, the basic reproductive status of sows is destroyed, sows with poor body condition have fewer ovulations and naturally fewer litter size. If you cannot pick up the roots and change the basic reproductive status of sows, it is difficult to change this indicator by other means. How to determine if the sow's systemic reproductive ability is normal, the author thinks that the simplest way is to look at the average number of live pigs on this farm, and it is better to have more than 12.5 live births and 11.5 or more live pigs. Ten or less than 10 can be judged as poor. The improvement of this indicator is a fundamental improvement and is also a manifestation of the comprehensive ability of the sow system. This indicator also reflects the problems in the daily management and nutrition supply model. Let's talk about some mistakes and problems that often occur during the feeding and management process.
3.1 Problems during pregnancy
3.1.1 Sows are over fed during pregnancy. The normal amount of feed should be within the range of 1.8 to 2.2 kg, and there are many pig farms up to 2.5 to 3.0 kg, why do you feed more? It is mainly because the sow's body reserves are consumed too much during the later period of pregnancy and lactation. If the sow's body condition is not enough, it will be too thin; but the high feeding amount during pregnancy will also cause many problems, the sows of the lactating period Feed intake will decrease drastically, leading to insufficient daily nutritional intake of lactating sows and affecting sow's lactation; problems with primary and secondary sows will be greater. University of Nottingham, Cole et al. Unpublished) found that when the first and second sows’ sow’s feed during pregnancy was higher than 1.93 kg/day, a decrease in feed intake during lactation occurred, and the second child was more severe than the first child. When feed intake during pregnancy increased by 1 kg/day, lactation feed intake decreased by 1.48 kg/day for the first trimester and 2.21 kg/day for the second trimester. Feeding too much in the gestation period is extremely unfavorable to the sow's reproductive ability.
3.1.2 Sow feeding issues during late pregnancy. This issue is controversial. Most domestic pig farms are willing to start feeding on the 84th day of pregnancy. Many pig farms in Europe and the United States start feeding from 100 days of pregnancy. According to research at the University of Kansas, the 84-day feed will affect the development of the sow's mammary glands, as well as the sow's lactation ability. The author believes that the feeding time and feeding amount should be determined according to the actual situation on the site, and the primary birth weight is the main basis. In Changbai and Dabai two-line hybrid sows, the initial weight of piglets should reach 1.55 to 1.65 kilograms. If it is a pure breeder, the difference is very large. Landraces can easily exceed 1.5 kilograms, and Great Whites can hardly exceed 1.5 kilograms. Feeding amount and feeding time are determined according to the nutritional concentration of the formula, the average number of litters, the proportion of the first born and the number of the sows to be born, and the feeding method.
Birth weight (1.2-1.4 kg) is a common problem in pig farms. We know that there is a strong positive correlation between birth weight and survival rate, because the mortality rate of newborn piglets whose birth weight is less than 1 kg is more than 67%. Most pig farms believe that the rate of rearing piglets has a direct relationship with the breeder. In fact, the average birth weight of the piglets is even more important because the piglets face a very fiercely competitive environment after birth. This is exactly in line with Darwin’s theory of biological evolution. Natural selection, the principle of survival of the fittest, so that the birth weight of piglets is a basic guarantee for the survival rate of piglets. In addition, piglet birth weight and weaning weight also have a strong positive correlation, birth weight increased by 100 grams of weaning weight will increase by 0.35 to 1.07 kg.
In summary, while emphasizing the importance of the birth weight of piglets, it is important to remind site managers of the management of sow feeds during the second trimester. If the piglet's primary birth weight is not up to standard, not only the survival rate and weaning weight are affected, but also because the sow's nutrient reserve is advanced overdraft, it will affect the breastfeeding effect and also affect the production index of the next breeding cycle.
3.1.3 pre-production cuts. It is also a wrong practice for the pig farms to spend too much time on prenatal reduction. The 1 to 2 days of pre-production reduction is sufficient. Now research has shown that the main purpose of 1 to 2 days of pre-production reduction is to allow the body reservoir to be activated in advance, and to increase the ability of sows to mobilize body reserves during lactation. Many pig farms start cutting materials 5 to 6 days before delivery. This practice consumes the sow's nutrient reserve in advance, which can seriously affect the lactating sow's lactation power and extend the interval from weaning to estrus.
3.2 The problem of suckling stage The sow suckling stage is a very important stage of the pig raising process. If the nutrient supply is insufficient at this stage, not only the production index will be affected, but also the sow's continuous production capacity will be reduced. I have been to pig farms in different countries. Through comparison, most pig farms in China have suffered from low nutrient supply at the nursing sow stage, the sow reserves have been consumed too much during the lactation period, and the sow’s continuous production capacity has been destroyed. A typical characteristic of modern sows is that the linking effect is extremely strong. If a certain production problem occurs, it will affect the production capacity of subsequent productions, and even a lifetime of production capacity will be affected. The most obvious manifestation is the number of litters. The difference in the number of litters in pig farms in China is very large. Good farms can reach 12.8 or more, while the poor farms only have 9. Let's talk about what factors affecting the sow system's reproductive ability in the lactation phase. 3.2.1 The first production is the most critical period of a sow's life. Pigs are continuing to develop in accordance with the requirements of humans in the direction of lean meat. When the lean meat percentage of sows is increased, the pressure on the production of the first two babies is very high. Especially, the pressure of the first production is very high, and the normal feed intake is only 5.0 kg. At the same time, modern sows require about 60 grams of lysine per day for nursing sows in high-yield conditions, and the sow content of lactating sows used on our farms is usually around 0.9% if sows are born daily. Feeding 5.0 kg of feed, lysine daily food intake can only reach 45 to 50 grams, compared with the ideal sow production status, at least 10 grams of lysine per day missing; sows only consume large amounts of muscle tissue to meet the production The need for milk, in the initial production of this large amount of consumption is almost a life-long injury, will result in a decline in the productivity of the sow's life, the most obvious performance is the ability to drop calving.
The energy problem also follows the same pattern. For nursing sows to ensure the lowest production needs, each head needs to consume not less than 66.94 MJ of metabolic energy per day. If the diet is not supplemented with oils and fats, the metabolisable energy can hardly exceed 12.55 MJ. The sow feeds 5 kg of feed per day and consumes at least 4.184 MJ of metabolic energy per day. P2 back licks are rapidly consumed in this state, so many early-born sows show a decrease in milk production about 10 days after birth, especially if sows with small weights exhibit problems. The harm caused by this over-consumption will be clearly manifested in the second production, and the production level of the second production in many pig farms is obviously not as good as the first production. We can also call this case "secondary syndrome." There are many farms that want to supplement the consumption of P2 backfat during the gestation period and increase the amount of feed during pregnancy. This will in turn affect the feed intake of a lactating sow. The result is a vicious circle.
solution. The authors suggest that the first- and second-producing sows should be prepared separately and that the amino acid balance should be at an ideal protein level of lysine up to 1.2%; by adding fat, the metabolic energy should not be lower than 13.89 MJ/kg. Feed intake of 5.0 kg per day can also guarantee its nutritional needs. Protecting the sow's initial production by adjusting the nutrient supply model also protects the sow's lifetime production capacity.
3.2.2 It is critical to ensure that the total amount of nutrients the nursing sows eat on a daily basis. The lack of total nutrient intake of sows on a daily basis is an important reason for the excessive consumption of nutrients in sows during lactation and the decline in reproductive capacity. There are two main reasons that affect the daily nutritional status of nursing sows. One is that the smaller the number of feedings, the less the total amount of daily feeds, and the total amount of nutrients is naturally affected; more importantly, the nutritional standards of feed formulas are low. The deficiency of energy, protein and amino acid is a common problem. The same is true for different types of births, one for winter and summer, one for high temperature and low temperature, and the same for eating more and less. This is a very unreasonable way of feeding during the feeding of sows. Nursing sows should be based on the daily feed intake to formulate nutritional standards for feed formulas. For example, if feed intake of sows during hot seasons declines, the concentration of each nutrient should be greatly increased. When the temperature is low, the intake of sows added When it is big, it should reduce the nutrient concentration. The adjustment criterion is to determine whether each sow can achieve a daily metabolic energy of 60 grams of lysine and 66.94 megajoules or more, based on the amount of feed intake. It ensures that the total amount of nutrients that a nursing sow eats on a daily basis is equivalent to protecting the sow’s reproductive capacity.
3.2.3 Sow reduction before weaning. Twenty years ago, most countries in our country fed sows with less fat and less lean meat (both fat and meat). This type of sow has a lot of fat reserves. The supply of proteins and amino acids during lactation is the main contradiction. The consumption of fat reserves is not the main factor. Contradictory, while the fat reserves of modern lean sows are very low, and P2 is only 50% of the sows 20 years ago, modern sows are more sensitive to nutrition than sows 20 years ago, especially energy and fat. The provision is even more important. As mentioned earlier, excessive consumption of P2 recoil reserves will cause life-long damage to sows, so the sows are reduced in advance 5 to 6 days before weaning, and the sow’s reserve consumption has reached the limit. At this time, the sow must also strive to produce milk to ensure that the piglets gain weight. The material consumption can only accelerate the consumption of reserves. When the nutrient reserve over-consumption of sows is excessively weight-reducing, the estrus after weaning is delayed, and the more important issue is the mother. The number of ovulation of pigs will also decrease, so the reduction in the number of litters is a necessity.
4 Issues in weaning piglets The weaning phase is the most difficult stage in a growing pig's life because at this time the piglet changes from eating liquid feed to solid feed, which is the greatest stress for the piglet, and is subject to damage and recovery of the intestinal villi. Process, this stage is very important for the selection of feed standards. Many pig farms are reluctant to use high-standard weaned feedstuffs. The main reason is that the price is too high. However, if feeds are used in general, the feed must be restricted. Diarrhea will occur as a result of eating more food. As a result, the milk cocoon is quickly consumed after weaning. , In a serious negative energy metabolic state, this consumption will lead to a significant extension of the finishing time of finishing pigs, which is an important reason for the long time for our rearing pigs to slaughter. Therefore, I propose that weaned piglets should be fed with high-standard piglets within two weeks to lay a good foundation for finishing pigs.
To sum up, it can be concluded that raising pigs is also a process of “details determine success or failureâ€. Modern concepts should be used to treat modern pigs. If we are raising modern pigs, we use old methods and eat low standards. Failure is inevitable.
A large number of breeds and rapid development are a basic feature of China's pig farming industry. However, another problem is that the level of raising pigs is low, which means that there are fewer number of births in the sows, more precisely, low weaning survival rates, and fewer sows. This may have a lot to do with our conception and the management of the reserve pigs.
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