Raw material identification authenticity

1. Bran

Bran often contains additives such as talcum powder or rice bran, typically in amounts of 8 to 10%. To check, insert your hand into a pile of bran and then pull it out. If there's a white residue on your fingers that doesn't easily fall off, it likely means talcum powder has been added. If it shakes off easily, it may be residual flour. Next, grab a handful of bran and press it. If the bran clumps together, it's probably pure. If it feels slightly rough or rises under pressure, it might contain rice bran. A slippery texture on your palm suggests the presence of talcum powder.

2. Soybean Meal (Cake)

Soybean meal is frequently adulterated with sand, broken corn, or up to 10% stone powder, which can lower its protein content to around 30%. One way to test it is by using the water immersion method: soak 25 grams of the sample in 250 ml of water for 2–3 hours. After stirring gently with a wooden stick, observe the layers—top layer is the cake, bottom is sediment. Another method involves using iodine: place a few pieces of soybean cake on a clean plate, add a few drops of iodine, and wait one minute. If any part turns blue-black, it indicates the presence of corn, bran, or rice husks.

To determine if the soybean meal is raw or cooked, you can perform a urea test. Take 0.1 g of urea and 0.1 g of soybean meal, mix them in a 250 ml flask with 100 ml of distilled water, and let it sit in warm water at 45°C for an hour. Then, dip a red litmus paper into the solution. If it turns blue, the soybean meal is raw; if no color change occurs, it’s cooked.

3. Fish Meal

Fish meal is commonly mixed with cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, urea, or sand, which can reduce its protein content to as low as 40%. Sensory inspection is key: genuine fish meal should have uniform particles, visible fish muscle fibers, and a small amount of bones, scales, and eyes. The color is usually light yellow or brown, and it should feel loose and not sticky. Adulterated fish meal may appear powdery, clump easily, and lack the natural fish smell or have an odd odor.

An ammonia smell test can also help identify urea adulteration. Place 20 grams of the sample in a flask with 10 grams of soybean cake and some water. After sealing and letting it sit for 15–20 minutes, open the lid. If you detect an ammonia-like smell, it indicates the presence of urea.

The water immersion test is another useful method. Mix a small amount of the sample with ten times its volume of water, shake well, and let it settle. If minerals like sand or gravel sink to the bottom, or if materials like cotton cake or bran float, it suggests adulteration. Pure fish meal will not show such separation.

4. Bone Meal

Pure bone meal should contain about 23–26% calcium and 12–14% phosphorus. When adulterated, it often lacks sufficient phosphorus, leading to health issues in animals. Common adulterants include lime powder, shell powder, and fine sand. To visually inspect, pure bone meal appears as a grayish-white powder or granules, sometimes with honeycomb-like structures and a natural odor. Fake bone meal lacks these features and may look too smooth or white.

A simple acid test can also be used. Pour the bone meal into dilute hydrochloric acid. Pure bone meal will dissolve completely without producing bubbles, while adulterated or undegummed bone meal may float or fail to dissolve properly. Burning a small amount of bone meal can also help: real bone meal produces steam and a burnt hair smell, while fake or spoiled ones may not produce either.

5. Shell Powder

Authentic shell powder should have a high calcium content, ideally over 36%, and consist mainly of large, unprocessed shells. Poor quality or fake shell powder may appear crumbly or surface-like, with less than 30% of the material being intact shell. It’s best to use crushed, unprocessed shells to ensure a higher calcium content and better quality. Always verify the source and composition before use to avoid contamination or reduced nutritional value.

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