Raw material identification authenticity

1. Bran

Bran is often adulterated with substances like talcum powder or rice bran, typically making up 8 to 10% of the mixture. To check, insert your hand into a pile of bran and then pull it out. If you notice white powder on your fingers that doesn’t easily fall off, it likely contains talcum powder. If it’s easy to shake off, it may just be residual flour. Next, take a handful of bran and press it hard. If it clumps together, it's probably pure bran. If it feels slightly raised when pressed, it might be mixed with rice bran. A slippery texture in your palm could indicate the presence of talcum powder.

2. Soybean Meal (Cake)

Soybean meal is frequently mixed with sand, broken corn, or up to 10% stone powder, which can lower its protein content to around 30%. One method to detect adulteration is the water immersion test: soak 25 grams of soybean cake in 250 ml of water for 2 to 3 hours. After gently stirring with a wooden stick, observe the layers—top layer is the cake, bottom is sediment. Another method involves using iodine: place a few pieces of the cake on a clean plate and add a few drops of iodine. After one minute, if any part turns blue-black, it indicates the presence of corn, bran, or rice husks.

To determine whether the soybean meal is raw or cooked, use the urea test. Take 0.1 g of urea and 0.1 g of soybean meal, mix them in a 250 ml flask with 100 ml of distilled water, and let it sit in warm water at 45°C for an hour. Then dip red litmus paper into the solution. If it turns blue, the meal is raw; if no color change occurs, it has been properly cooked.

3. Fish Meal

Fish meal is often mixed with cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, urea, or sand, reducing its protein content to as low as 40%. A sensory inspection can help identify quality. Genuine fish meal should have uniform particles, visible fish muscle fibers, and a small amount of bones, scales, or eyes. It should feel loose, not sticky, and have a distinct fishy smell. Adulterated fish meal may look powdery, contain impurities, and lack the natural fish fibers and odor.

An odor test involves placing 20 grams of the sample in a flask with 10 grams of soybean cake and some water. After sealing and waiting 15 to 20 minutes, if an ammonia-like smell is detected, it suggests the presence of urea.

A water immersion test can also help. Place a small amount of the sample in a test tube or glass, add ten times the volume of water, shake, and let it settle. If minerals like gravel sink, or materials like cotton cake or bran float, it may be adulterated. Pure fish meal should not show such behavior.

4. Bone Meal

High-quality bone meal contains about 23–26% calcium and 12–14% phosphorus. When adulterated, it may have low phosphorus levels, leading to leg problems in animals. Common adulterants include lime powder, shell powder, and fine sand.

Visually, pure bone meal appears as a grayish-white powder or granules with some honeycomb-like structures and a natural odor. Adulterated bone meal may lack these features, appearing more powdery and lacking the characteristic texture. A simple acid test involves pouring the bone meal into dilute hydrochloric acid. Pure bone meal will dissolve completely without forming bubbles, while adulterated versions may float or remain undissolved.

Burning is another test. Place a small amount in a test tube and heat it. Pure bone meal will produce steam and a burnt hair smell, while adulterated or unprocessed bone meal may emit less or no odor.

5. Shell Powder

Fake shell powder may appear crumbly or surface-like, with a calcium content of only 28%. Good shell powder should contain over 70% of whole shell fragments, with less than 30% broken pieces. The best quality comes from unprocessed large shells that are crushed manually, offering a calcium content above 36%. This makes it ideal for use in animal feed and other applications where high calcium content is needed.

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