Main points of corn mechanized conservation tillage technology
Conservation tillage technology is to implement no-tillage, less tillage, reduce soil tillage as much as possible, and use it as a straw or residue to cover the surface, or to retain more than 30% of high-rooted straw and 30% of crop residue coverage. technology. It is an advanced farming technique that improves soil fertility and drought resistance.
Compared with traditional tillage techniques, mechanized conservation tillage technology can reduce soil wind erosion, water erosion, reduce soil loss and inhibit farmland dust, improve soil fertility and drought resistance; can significantly improve food production in dry areas, reduce agricultural production costs, and improve ecology. The environment and the promotion of sustainable development of agriculture. Mainly used in crop production in arid and semi-arid areas.
According to the monitoring results of the implementation of the 10 demonstration counties by the China Agricultural University Conservation Tillage Research Center in 2003, conservation tillage can reduce operating costs to varying degrees, reducing surface runoff by 60%, reducing soil loss by 80%, and reducing wind and sand. 60%, and has the effect of increasing yield of corn by 4.1%.
Corn mechanized conservation tillage includes four elements: 1. Field straw cover technology. More than 30% of corn stalks and wrasse cover the surface, use high-root glutinous soil to protect soil, reduce wind erosion, water erosion and water inefficient evaporation, and improve natural rainfall utilization efficiency; 2. No-tillage and less tillage techniques. Reform the traditional farming method of ploughing plowing soil, and implement no-till or less ploughing. No-till is to carry out no cultivation except for sowing, and the seed is planted in the straw-covered soil using a no-till seed drill. Less tillage includes deep pine and topsoil (shallow rotation, shallow hoe) tillage, deep loose or loose deep soil, basically does not damage soil structure and ground vegetation, can increase natural rainfall infiltration rate, increase soil water content; 3. no-tillage , less tillage and sowing techniques. Ditching, deep fertilization, sowing, covering soil, repressing duplex operations on the surface covered with debris, simplifying the process, reducing the number of machinery entering the ground, reducing costs; 4 weeds, pest control and control technology. Relying on chemicals to control the occurrence of pests and diseases, it can also be combined with shallow pine and alfalfa to carry out mechanical weeding.
First, the main promotion of the technical route
Field corn stalk coverage and high stubble → no-tillage (less tillage) sowing → chemical herbicide, pest control → deep pine in seedling stage → deep pine.
Second, the field straw cover technology
1. Corn straw smashed and returned to the field
The method of returning to the field can be carried out by using a straw returning machine and a combine harvester.
2, the whole stalk returned to the field coverage
Suitable for areas with large winter winds, the straw is not treated after artificial corn harvesting, and the straw is erected in the ground to prevent the straw from being blown away by the wind. When planting, the straw is knocked down in the direction of the planter, or manually stepped over to cover.
3, staying covered
In areas where wind erosion is severe and wind erosion is the mainstay, and corn stalks need to be comprehensively utilized, the implementation of conservation tillage techniques can be carried out with high hoe + no-till sowing during mechanical harvesting, or high sorghum + smashing shallow sowing during mechanical harvesting. Duplex mode processing.
Third, no-tillage, less tillage machinery seeding technology
No-till sowing. In the stubble and straw cover, the original mites are kept on the surface for no-till sowing. Use the no-till planter to complete the ditching, deep fertilization, sowing, covering soil and repressing operations.
Less tillage and sowing. Carry out the necessary surface (slight or shallow rotation) for seeding operations.
In order to ensure the quality of sowing, the seeding operation mainly adopts two methods: one is that the surface coverage is less than 40%, no-tillage can be used, and the small no-tillage planter is used; the other is that the surface coverage is more than 40% or the planting sorghum is high. When planting crops, it is generally necessary to use less tillage (after topsoil treatment) for sowing.
1. Seeding amount: the general acreage of corn is 1.5-2kg, and the seed rate of semi-precision sowing is ≥90%;
2, sowing depth: the planting depth is generally controlled at 3-5cm, the sowing depth in sand and arid areas should be appropriately increased by 1-2cm;
3, the depth of fertilization: generally 8-10cm (fertilizer application), that is, 4-5cm below the seed;
4. Select excellent varieties and select and treat the seeds: the required net purity is not less than 98%, the purity is not less than 97%, and the germination rate is over 95%. Before seeding, the seeds to be used should be treated with seed dressing, plasma, magnetization or soaking.
4. Weed, pest control and control technology
Prevention and control of pests and diseases is one of the important links in conservation tillage technology. In order to protect the corn field crops from the effects of pests and weeds during the growth process, and to ensure the normal growth of crops, chemical pesticides are mainly used to control the occurrence of pests and diseases, and mechanical weeding can also be carried out in combination with operations such as shallow pine and alfalfa.
1. Requirements for the control of pests and diseases. In order to give full play to the effective role of chemicals and to prevent possible harm, it is necessary to use high-efficiency, low-toxicity, low-residue chemicals, use advanced and reliable application equipment, and adopt safe and reasonable application methods.
2. Selection and use of chemical herbicides. The types of herbicides are mainly emulsions, granules and microgranules. The time for applying the chemical herbicide can be carried out before or after emergence, usually in combination with the sowing operation, and the herbicide-applying device is placed after the planter to apply the herbicide to the soil surface.
3. Prevention and treatment of pests and diseases. Mainly rely on chemicals to prevent disease and insect damage. First, predict the situation of pests and diseases in the field. Second, the seeds should be coated or mixed. Third, the drugs should be sprayed according to the growth of the seedlings.
Five, deep pine technology
Due to the small amount of soil and the constant soil structure of the plough layer, the main function of the deep pine is to loosen the soil, break the bottom layer of the plough, and enhance the infiltration rate and quantity of precipitation. Reduces the evaporation loss of exposed soil moisture after tillage. The deep loose method can be used with partial deep loose or full depth loose.
1. Partially deep pine. Corresponding deep loosening operations are carried out according to different crops and different soil conditions. The main technical requirements are:
(1) Suitable farming conditions. The soil water content is between 15% and 22%;
(2) Operation requirements. Same as local corn planting; deep pine depth: 23-30cm; deep pine time: before sowing or seedling stage, seedling operation should be carried out as early as possible, corn should not be later than 5 leaf stage;
(3) Supporting measures. When the weather is too dry, artificial sputum can be performed;
(4) Operating cycle. Generally 2 to 4 years deep loose once.
2, comprehensive and deep. The inverted V-type all-round subsoiler is used to carry out the corresponding deep loosening operation according to different soil conditions. The main technical requirements are:
(1) Suitable farming conditions. The soil water content is between 15% and 22%;
(2) Operation requirements. Deep depth: 35-50 cm; deep loosening time: work after straw treatment or before sowing; loose and deep in operation, no repetition or looseness;
(3) Supporting measures. When the weather is too dry, artificial sputum can be performed;
(4) Operating cycle. Generally 2 to 4 years deep loose once.
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