Fermented cow dung is an excellent, full-nutrient fish feed that develops a distinct yeast-like smell after the fermentation process. It becomes powdery in texture and contains a high concentration of essential nutrients. Analysis shows it has 30.4% crude protein, 5.1% crude fat, 9.9% crude fiber, 25.9% nitrogen-free extract, and a variety of other beneficial elements. The fermentation method involves using 30% cow dung as a base, mixed with 70% pig compound feed. Then, cultivated yeast is added in a ratio of 1:500, along with enough water to make the mixture moist but not dripping. After mixing well, it's covered with plastic film and left to ferment. The time required varies depending on temperature—about 7–9 days at 20–23°C, 4 days at 23–31°C, and just 1 day above 31°C. Once ready, it can be used as a nutritious feed for fish.
Watermelon rind is another valuable resource for fish farming. It contains sugars, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, chlorophyll, and various vitamins like carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid, as well as minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and iron. Since watermelon harvest typically occurs between July and August, direct use is limited, so proper storage is important to maximize its value. Two common feeding methods are fresh and dried. Fresh rind is chopped into small pieces using a beater, making it suitable for fish species like grass carp, silver carp, and tilapia. It is fed twice daily, with 80–90 kg per acre or 60–80 kg per thousand fish, depending on water conditions. This not only provides nutrition but also helps improve water quality by promoting natural food growth. For dry feed, the rind is shaved, dried, and ground into powder, which is then given in amounts of 2–3 kg per mu of fish seedlings, three times a day, often combined with other feeds for better results.
Grass cultivation is an effective strategy for sustainable fish farming. By growing green feed, farmers can reduce feed costs and boost economic returns. When properly managed, grasses like ryegrass, sudangrass, leeks, coriander, and clover can provide a continuous supply of feed throughout the year. Leeks, in particular, are highly nutritious, with crude protein levels 35–40% higher than sudangrass, earning them the title of "king of forages." Their young leaves are rich in carbohydrates and are easily digested, with a near 100% utilization rate, making them ideal for fish. Amaranth is another top choice, serving as a nutritious "grainy" feed for herbivorous fish and helping maintain aquatic ecosystems during off-seasons. Using these grasses ensures a balanced and sustainable diet for fish while supporting ecological balance.
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