Young ostriches are young ostriches within 0-3 months of age. Brooding is the key to the success or failure of breeding ostriches. The quality of brooding is directly related to the qualified rate of reserve birds, indirectly affects the breeding value of ostriches, and determines the economic benefits of ostrich farms and whether they can survive in the fierce market competition. . Based on the experience of brooding in the past year, we believe that the following issues should be emphasized in the brooding process: 1. Density brood density has a great influence on the growth and development of young ostriches. The cultivation of young ostriches generally uses ground brooding. In the first week after hatching, each chick needs an area of ​​at least 0.16-0.2 square meters, so that the chicks can have enough space for activities and resting places. Effectively reduce the mutual stress of the chicks and prevent leg deformities. For every one week of growth, the activity area should be increased by at least 10%, and the corners of the area should be curved so as to prevent the chicks from stepping, crushing, and even causing death due to accumulation in corners when the temperature is too low. 2, temperature and temperature are the primary conditions for brooding, must be strictly and correctly grasp. Primary chicks have inadequate thermoregulatory functions and are full of fluffy spike-like feathers. They have poor cold resistance and are cold and heat-fighting. Therefore, they are particularly sensitive to temperature. After the 4th week, slight temperature changes can be tolerated, but a certain constant temperature must be maintained at night to prevent the temperature from decreasing. General brooding room heating device is infrared lamp or electric heating tube, the power is 100-500W, according to the size of space, install different numbers of infrared lamps at different positions, the height can be adjusted at any time, to ensure that there is room for ostrich rest, activities, feeding The incubation area, with a certain temperature difference, allows chicks to exercise within the physiological range of temperature difference. When using an infrared lamp to brood, the temperature is stable, easy to disinfect, the effect of brooding is good, the temperature is generally controlled at 0-7 days, 34-36.5 degrees Celsius; 8-14 days, 31-33 degrees Celsius; 15-24 days Age, 27-29 degrees Celsius. It is best not to use incandescent lamps for heating, because the white light can easily induce the fledglings to pick each other, which is unfavorable to the rest and sleep of the young birds. 3. Humidity The humidity of the brooding period should be adjusted according to the condition of the shelled bird. If the humidity in the incubation period is relatively good, the hatched birds are not edematous, do not wrinkle, the chicks are robust, the relative humidity is between 50% and 60%, and the survival rate is high; if the humidity is high during hatching, the birds hatched The legs, abdomen, and head and neck are severely edematous. In this case, if the fledgling goes into the brooding room with low humidity, the fledglings will lose water in a short period of time and die of weakness. According to the specific conditions, the humidity will be slowly lowered and the survival rate of the chicks will increase. It is advisable that the humidity in the brooding room be controlled below 60%, otherwise the edema will be intensified and the yolk will be poorly absorbed. It is easy to breed bacteria and mold and reduce the survival rate of chicks. 4. Hygiene and epidemic prevention Epidemic prevention is very important for chicks within 3 weeks. The poor disease resistance of chicks, combined with the intensive care of their homes, predisposes to intestinal and respiratory diseases. Comprehensive preventive measures should be taken, including drinking water hygiene, environmental hygiene, vaccination and feed hygiene. The quality of drinking water should be in line with people's drinking water standards. It is best to use cold boiled water or filtered water. The feed must be fresh and not bad. The green fodder requires succulent, easily digestible, and good palatability. It should be cleaned and disinfected before it is chopped and mixed with the concentrate. Mixed feeding; litter requires daily cleaning and disinfection; food bowls, basins should also be cleaned and disinfected every day; sports grounds, brooding houses should be regularly disinfected with 1:3000 poisoning or 1:400 antivirus. The main vaccines for vaccination include Newcastle disease vaccine, infectious bronchitis vaccine and tuberculosis BCG vaccine. They should be injected or instilled by eye, and should be vaccinated strictly according to immunization procedures and daily doses. 5, ventilation and light ventilation The purpose of ventilation is to eliminate the indoor air pollution, exchange fresh air, while adjusting the temperature and humidity in the house. It is generally required that no smell be found in the aviary. The wind entering the aviary in winter requires warming up. Do not blow directly onto the nestlings to prevent colds. If the weather is clear, the fledglings can release outdoor sports in one week after hatching, on the one hand to promote the absorption of yolk, and on the other hand to ensure reasonable light. In order to regulate the calcium and phosphorus metabolism of the chicks, enhance the bone quality and prevent leg deformity, it can also enhance the immunity of the chicks and their resistance to diseases. In summer, prolonged exposure should be avoided. Pergola or green trees should be set up in the stadium. 6. Feeding and Management 6.1. Birds after hatching require drinking before they eat. Drinking water requires about 24 degrees Celsius water temperature, and adding B vitamins, etc., with electrolytes, glucose formulated into a nutrient solution is better. After eating for the first time, drink 1 to 2 hours after the start of drinking. Feed the mixed concentrate. Start the food and mix it to make it wet. The ratio of water to water is 1:1. Place 1-2 older birds in the young bird group to guide the open food. Because the ostrich has a natural curiosity and imitation. Each day, the amount of fine material to be fed is 70g for 1-30 days, 300g for 31-60 days, and 525g for 60-90 days. Green feed is fed 1-2 times the amount of concentrate. From the second week after hatching, 4-5 grains of gravel were added each day, and the grain size gradually increased from rice grains to 1 cm in diameter. 6.2, management should be kept at different ages, and staff members are strictly prohibited; foreign bodies (such as nails, glass tablets, cigarette butts, etc.) in chicks' sports grounds should be cleared daily to prevent gastrointestinal infarcts and other diseases from occurring; The brooding area should be kept as relatively quiet as possible to reduce the disturbance to the chicks and prevent stress; the brooding house should keep the air fresh, the ground is dry and clean; the bird droppings should be promptly removed, and at least once a week; the food bowls and basins should be set high. About 5cm, in order to avoid the back and forth walking chicks caused by the word material, water pollution; keepers should make observation records every day. Keep abreast of the dynamics of the chicks at any time, discover the situation, and deal with it in time. Ensure healthy growth of chicks. Each batch of chicks is reared. We should carefully write down the summary reports of the phases and summarize the experience in order to improve the business level and management level. March 11, 2000 Management of Ostrich Breeding Under natural breeding conditions, ostrich eggs are often contaminated with dirt and faeces after they fall to the ground. Contaminated eggs are subjected to various procedures such as washing and disinfection, or they are inevitably infected by bacteria. In the middle and late stage, the chicks in the eggs died and even “fried eggs†appeared, causing the whole box of eggs to be infected and scrapped, causing unnecessary economic losses to the farm. We observed several times during the hatching of bird eggs and found that the contaminated bird eggs had multiple bacterial spots in the eggs during the mid-hatching period, and that the post-hatching birds were infected with bacteria and their egg temperature increased. , resulting in the late death. It is usually found in the hatching process that some bird eggs have a sudden weightlessness increase at a later stage. After dissection, the chicks die and die. This is a typical bacterial infection. Implementation of "artificial egg receiving" After a long period of observation and testing, the annual egg acceptance rate is above 85%, and the hatching hatching rate is 20% higher than in the past. This method is described below for reference. First, in charge of technicians to master the opening period of ostriches, first prepare fumigation plastic bags or clean towels. 2. Instruct the breeder to observe the birds in the opening period. General Birding The birds are assisted by the male bird in the circle in the first 10 days or so. The mother bird often circles around the pit and the nose is red. When food intake is reduced, especially when the prenatal mother bird walks around in the circle, the breeder should clean it with a disinfectant solution, prepare a plastic bag or towel, and wait until the ostrich is difficult to find. (The ostriches usually lay eggs around 2 to 7 in the afternoon). Third, about 2 minutes before laying eggs, the mother bird will squat, mouth mucus, flapping wings, issued tremors, began to lay eggs. At this point, the egg handlers should immediately swiftly pass by, lift the bird's tail in one hand with a towel, and prevent the tail feathers from being contaminated by the eggs. When picking eggs, people must kneel to prevent the male from attacking you. Fourth, the next egg is clean and moist. The breeder must send it to the egg fumigation room in time, and the incubator takes over the storage and storage. Disinfection must be carried out after the egg surface has dried. (Plastic bags are used to pick up eggs in rainy season to prevent rain pollution). Fifth, fumigation or storage of eggs should have the air chamber upside down. When a bird produces eggs, there is a first out of the air chamber. Just take a look at the eggs and tell the hatchmen that they will do. Accepting eggs can solve a problem identified in the direction of the air chamber. October 10, 2001 Transportation of ostriches In order to promote the development of the ostrich industry, improve the survival rate of ostriches, and reduce costs, the transportation of ostriches cannot be ignored. In my field, the farthest distance is several thousand kilometers. The lowest rate of death on the road is 0, and the highest is 30%. I have done some attempts to improve the transport of large quantities of ostriches. Here are some points to discuss: 1. Before the shipment is ready for shipment, the transportation tools and packages should first be selected, cleaned and disinfected, and then the birds must be selected for shipment. 1. The choice of means of transport: The means of transport is determined on the basis of the number of birds transported and their size. 2. Packaging design: A wooden box with a length of 3 meters, a width of 2 meters and a height of 2.5 meters. The frame is made of iron and double-layer boards with a height of 1.5 meters are enclosed on all sides. The top is covered with a gauze net, which looks like a “net-net†shape. The inside of the box is not separated. Each big box is filled with 6-8 pieces. The bottom surface of the wooden box is filled with a mixture of sand and clam shells of 5 to 15 cm thick, which can reduce the impact of vibration. . 3. Equipment and drug preparation: Needle-holding forceps, thread scissors, tweezers, syringes, sutures, hemostatic agents, iodine, alcohol, cotton, Yunnanbaiyao, anti-stress drugs, sedatives, broad-spectrum antibiotics, anesthetics, sobering spirits, etc. drug. 4. The selected birds were bred individually and the birds were stopped for 10 days prior to transportation to stop the production. The feed was stopped 3-4 hours prior to transportation and anti-stress drugs, Vc, and electrolytes were added to the water. The drinking water was allowed for 30 minutes before shipment. Add sedatives. 5. Each compartment should be isolated from a small emergency area (can hold 2-3 ostriches). Due to stress and convulsions, individual ostriches often lie in the ground and are vulnerable to trampling injuries during transportation. These ostriches must be isolated in time. Especially for those frightened ostriches who want to cover their heads and wear open elastics. 6. For long-distance transportation, it is necessary to arrange transportation time, preferably in the evening, and the arrival at the destination is just during the day, which is conducive to the resettlement of ostriches. If it arrives at night, the ostrich’s vision is unclear and it can easily cause accidental casualties. Second, the work of the transport process There is a road car in front of the transporting ostrich convoy, which controls the speed of the convoy. It is not allowed to overtake, turn red lights, brake quickly or start up quickly. The team finally has a escort truck to prevent the car from falling behind or having other accidents to contact. 2. In the process of transportation, the weather in summer is overheated, and it is necessary to perform sunstroke-preventing cooling and spray-water cooling. However, spraying should not be excessive. In winter, when the rainy season is too cold, it should be covered. 3. When transporting automobiles, two or more drivers and escorts should be provided to observe the birds on the one hand, and on the other hand, to assist the driver in the safety of driving, the team should have a technician to deal with the injured birds. 4. Halfway should provide enough drinking water, green material, fine material, and individual do not eat ostriches for artificial feeding, such as traffic jams, stops, meals, transition and so on. When stopping on the way, it is better to observe the flock and strengthen the feeding management. For individual frail birds, supplement energy and protein (such as sugar, eggs). 3. After arriving at the destination, after the long-distance transportation, most of the ostriches are thirsty and hungry. They are tired and need to do the following work: 1. After the bird is fully rested, provide enough clean drinking water and high-quality green materials, and add a few broad-spectrum antibiotics and anti-stress drugs to the drinking water. The concentrate should be fed the next day. 2. The proper amount of vegetable oil was mixed with the concentrate. Due to the stress, the feed intake was very low during the 5-7 days, and the excrement was dry. The ostrich liked to eat the sand on the sports field and converted the feed after 10 days. 3. For individuals with excessive debilitating ostriches, artificial drinking can reduce death by holding the ostrich squatting in the left hand, placing the gastro-gastral catheter in the esophagus with the right hand, and filling in the physical recovery fluid. The formula is as follows: 500 ml hot water + 100 μg 50% Glucose + 25 micrograms of complex vitamin B + 0. l %Vc + 4 spoonfuls of digestive enzyme + a little Solvay Electrolytic Multidimensional + 1 egg. 4. Handling of ostriches that have been accidentally harmed. To prevent bacterial infections, for individuals with severe infections, infusions can be prepared as follows: 5% Glucose Saline 500 ml X1 + Penicillin potassium for injection 800,000 IUX4.0 + Hydrocortisone injection 10 ml X1.0 + Inosine Injection Mix One intravenous infusion, 2 times a day, once every 2-3 days, with a heavy hitting bird, plus Fengshenling injection. January 13, 2001 Method for preparing ostrich vitamin premixes June 11, 2001 Vitamins are necessary ingredients for maintaining the health and normal physiological function of ostriches, and play an important role in the reproduction of breeding birds and the growth and development of young birds. Ostriches need more vitamins than ordinary livestock. Therefore, the use of multiple vitamins used in chickens often results in insemination rates of breeding eggs, low torturing of Monaco and distortion of the toes of young birds, and leg deformities. During the work of Datong Xinda Birdhouse, the author used the vitamin standard recommended by the national ostrich training course in 1996 and used vitamin premixes. After more than three years of actual application, he achieved a good hatching rate of 79.9% and a survival rate of brooding (three Moon age) 76.19% of the better results. The preparation method of vitamin premix is ​​described below. First, the purchase of raw materials: There are 13 kinds of commonly used vitamins, of which there are 4 kinds of fat-soluble vitamins, namely, vitamin A, D? 3, E, K? 3, 9 kinds of water-soluble vitamins that vitamin B? 1, B? 2. B?6, B??12, cold acid, folic acid, biotin, niacin and choline. The raw materials for the above vitamins should all be purchased as a single vitamin product. Attention must be paid to the quality of the purchased vitamins, such as the content, effective period, dosage form, approval number, and manufacturer of the active ingredient, in order to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the vitamin premix. Second, design vitamin premix should follow the principle: 1. Vitamin A, D? 3 is very unstable, vulnerable to temperature, humidity, sunlight, storage time and other factors and reduce the activity, so vitamin A, D? 3 The supply quantity should be increased by 1 to 3 times than the required quantity. 2. The supply of vitamin E to breeding birds should be doubled. 3. In order to prevent young bird's toe twisting, leg deformity and slippery sensation, the requirements for vitamin B2, biotin, folic acid, nicotinic acid, and choline may be appropriately increased. 4. Choline chloride is alkaline and deliquescent. To prevent affecting the activity of other vitamins, choline chloride should be added separately when formulating feeds. 5. The vitamin content of the feed can be treated as a safe amount and no longer calculated when preparing the vitamin premix. Third, the preparation of vitamin premixes: 1. Determine the ostrich's vitamin requirements, according to the 96 years of national ostrich training recommended ostrich vitamin requirements in Table 1. 2. Design the amount of vitamins to be added, based on the ostrich's requirement for vitamins, the supply of green feed, and the above principles. Take egg-laying ostriches as an example, as shown in Table 2(1). 3. Calculate the amount of vitamins added per ton of feed, and convert IU and mg into IU and g, as shown in Table 2(2). Example: Vitamin A24000IU/kg10010000=24000000IU IU Vitamin E60mg/kg10001000=60g 4. According to the content of active ingredient per gram of raw yarn raw material, calculate the amount of one ton of feed various vitamin raw materials, as shown in Table 2(4). Example: Vitamin A 24 million IU 50 million IU/g = 48g Vitamin E 60g 50% = 120g 5. Add the amount of various vitamin raw materials in Table 2 (4) to 361.3g, add cornstarch to 5000g, and pour it into the cone type mixer. Premix for 15-20 minutes, which is a vitamin premix for laying ostriches. Add 0.5% to compound feed during use. 4. Several problems should be noticed when using vitamin premixes: 1. The amount of vitamin premix should be increased or decreased by 5% to 15% according to factors such as green feed supply, stress, and egg production. When the amount of green feed is adequate, the amount can be appropriately reduced, and it can be appropriately increased during the peak period of stress, immunity, and egg production. 2. The vitamin premix should be sealed and stored in a place protected from light, heat and drying. It should not be stored for longer than two months. 3. In the preparation of vitamin premix, the weighing must be accurate, the important error in more than 100 grams does not exceed 1 gram, 20 to 100 grams does not exceed 0.3 grams, 20 grams less than 0.1 grams. 4. The particle size requirements of vitamin raw materials, in addition to VA, VD? 3 micro-plastic vehicle formulations, the larger family of vitamins, they should be ground before passing the 60 mesh sieve before adding.
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