In recent years, with the continuous expansion of sea cucumber aquaculture and shallow sea aquaculture, the artificial seedling raising technology has developed rapidly. At the same time, new problems have also emerged, resulting in the sea cucumber breeding and breeding effect is not very satisfactory. The problems existing in the process of breeding and breeding of sea cucumber are summarized below, and relevant solutions are proposed for your reference.
I. Artificial seedlings of sea cucumber
1. The selection and stocking of pro-ginseng should be based on the local water temperature and the actual conditions of production. At present, there are optional species of sea cucumber that are artificially cultivated in the shrimp pond, sea cucumber that is cultured in the intertidal zone, sea cucumber that is proliferating in the shallow sea, and hybrids that are Korean sea cucumber, Russian sea cucumber, and Chinese sea cucumber. Regardless of whether they choose to use it as a pro-ginseng, they are required to select large, mature, but not large numbers of sea cucumbers. It is better to use wild sea cucumbers in different sea areas. This has obvious advantages in hybridization. After harvesting the pro-ginseng and entering the workshop, do not rush to stimulate the parent's discharge, and wait until it has a small amount of spawning and concentrate on the stimulation. It has been proved that prematurely stimulating the production of pro-spawning eggs, although capable of normal fertilization development, the metamorphosis rate and survival rate are greatly reduced.
2. Water Conditions Sea cucumber seedlings are in a season of windy and windy seas, and the seawater mobility is large. Therefore, seawater for nursery use must be subject to strict sand filtration, and water filtration should be used to filter water in nursery ponds. When the water quality deteriorates, plankton, such as Noctiluca scintillans, Copepoda, etc., are prone to appear in the nursery ponds, which poses a great hazard to the development of sea cucumbers. In addition to the competition for the living space, the copepods can also have a predator body length of 3 mm. The following childish parameters.
3. The key to larval rearing of larvae lies in the mortality of the larval larvae. The larvae often have gastric atrophy and rot in a few hours. The main reasons are: First, the quality of the larval early feed organisms, because the sea cucumber The selectivity of food organisms is strong, and the quality of food organisms is strictly required. Second, the natural elimination rate is high. Because genetic factors of sea cucumber itself, coupled with artificial reproduction, mostly use dry production techniques such as drying and heating, most eggs cannot be fully prepared. Mature; Third, whether the benthic attachment conditions are appropriate; Fourth, the breeding temperature is higher; Fifth, the presence of predatory organisms. Therefore, the technical measures for improving the survival rate of pupa larvae include: First, feeding palatability, high-quality bait organisms, practice shows that the combination of Chaetoceros dinoflagellate and D. salina has the best effect, and should be adhered to less investment and diligent investment. Principle, in addition, in the later stages of the larval larvae, the amount of dietary organisms should be appropriately reduced. This is because during this period the larvae do not feed strongly, and should prevent the excessive sedimentation of the biogas from the bottom of the pond and bury the freshly attached The larvae or the bottom layer of water quality deterioration affect the larvae attached; the second is to choose the appropriate attachment base, either a forest-style nets, suspended in water, but also corrugated board, preferably a string of thin strings, parallel suspended in In the water, the third is to improve the benthic environment conditions. Before putting in the attachment base, thoroughly suck the bottom one time. Fourth, spawn at the right time to avoid high temperature. With the improvement of the pro-ginseng and maturation technology, pro-spawning can be appropriately advanced and temperature-raised seedlings can be raised. Fifth, the prevention and control of enemy pests and bacteria can be repeated. Antibiotics can not be used blindly during the seedling raising process and can not be used blindly. To observe more, found that copepods should be immediately killed with trichlorfon.
4. Management of juveniles At present, the problem of juvenile ginseng mortality is high. In particular, juveniles under 3mm in length often suffer from shrinkage, loss, ulceration, and even almost all deaths in a short period of time. People often say that The "skateboard", in addition to its related to the quality of parental ginseng and larvae, but also with seedling density, food, water temperature, water quality and so on. The densities of juvenile ginseng are too large, the activity space is reduced, the food intake is insufficient, resulting in malnutrition, slow growth, and increased mortality. Therefore, it is appropriate to control the density of seedlings in the range of 0.2/cm2 to 0.5/cm2. At the time of raising seedlings, benthic diatoms are no longer attached to the attachment base, but they are directly fed into the grist liquid and fresh sea mud. This results in excessive transformation of juveniles' feeds and reduced food intake, which can not meet their nutritional needs. At the same time, we advocate adhering to benthic diatoms in advance and strengthen the study of juvenile ginseng artificial compound feeds. In addition, feeding photosynthetic bacteria is also an effective measure to prevent and control skateboarding. Photosynthetic bacteria can effectively improve the microecological environment of nursery ponds. Purify water quality and enhance the disease resistance of juveniles.
5. Disease Prevention and Control Common diseases include cockroach damage and ulceration. For the prevention and control of copepods, it is mainly to strengthen day-to-day management. Once it is discovered, it should be promptly applied to kill. Festering disease is caused by the spread of bacterial infections. Symptoms of the disease are: shaking his head, vomiting the intestines, swollen mouth; the surface of the sea cucumber is grayish, some are woolly, and the body is full of air bubbles; mouth tentacle, stomach and body surface ulceration Afterwards, the area after ulceration gradually expanded, and finally the body disintegrated to death; anatomy found very little food in the stomach. Etiological analysis: First, the organic matter and algae of the sea cucumber aquaculture pond are too much, rot and metamorphic, and the pollution is serious. Especially the bottom sediment of the shrimp pond culture sea cucumber is not thoroughly cleaned up, a large number of pathogenic organisms remain in the pool bottom, parasites, bacteria Viruses and other viruses (mainly Vibrio and Flexibacter bacteria) multiply and cause cytopathy. Secondly, the disease will be induced when the water volume is small, the water quality is poor, organic pollution, oil pollution, inorganic pollution, heavy metals and pH fluctuations, and the water quality is diluted (the salinity decreases by 17 ‰ or less). The third is that the density of the breeding is too large, the excretion of feces is more, and the water quality is polluted. Due to the non-selective feeding of sea cucumber, the amount of feeding is small, it will cause the parasite to eat too much harmful substances and die. Preventive measures 1 improve the substrate. Before placing the seedlings, the bottom of the tank should be completely sterilized. The pool water can be drained and exposed to the bottom of the pool. The bulldozer is used to remove the pollution layer at the bottom of the tank from 10cm to 30cm. After dredging, the bottom of the tank is ploughed and exposed. Finally, it was disinfected with 40kg/mu ~60kg/mu of quicklime, and stone was thrown after raising. After the seedlings are released, photosynthetic bacteria can be used to improve the bottoms, and the amount is 5.0kg/mu to 7.5kg/mu. 2 Improve water quality, increase water exchange, and prevent pollution. The residual baits, excrement and other contaminants in the pool should be promptly removed to increase the flow of water to keep the water fresh. 3 Reasonably place the seedlings and feed it in a timely manner. The seedling density of 60 seedlings/kg to 100 heads/kg is generally controlled from 8 heads/m2 to 15 heads/m2; the seed size of 600 heads/kg to 1000 heads/kg is controlled by the seedling density. Generally 10 heads/m2 to 30 heads/m2; specifications for 2000 heads/kg to 4000 heads/kg seedlings are generally controlled at a density of 100 heads/m2 to 150 heads/m2. In the spring of March to April and after the fall of October, 3% to 5% of the total weight of sea cucumber is fed, and each day can be fed once or twice a day. 4 The disease of sea cucumber is mainly prevention. The treatment of the diseased sea cucumber can be controlled by traditional Chinese medicine, ie, it uses Daqingye, Andrographis paniculata, gallnut, and pomegranate skin to grind it into liquid. Quanchiposa can be used. Synthetic drugs can also be used. Control, that is, diving divers to collect sea cucumber, using drugs for 2 days to 3 days, 2 times a day to control the condition and prevent the spread of the disease. If the sea cucumber appears to be shaking or vomiting, the pool should be immediately poured. When the pool is poured, the bath should be bathed with 100ppm oxytetracycline for 30 minutes and the attachment base should be replaced. When sea cucumber appears swollen, ulcerated, and pelted with sea cucumber, the sea cucumber should be peeled off with a 50 ppm enrofloxacin bath for 30 minutes while the seawater is disinfected with 1 ppm povidone-iodine.
2. There are some technical problems that are not perfect in the process of aquaculture of sea cucumber, including the following aspects:
1. Technical requirements for ponds for ponds The shrimp ponds must be reconstructed and set on the reefs. Practice has shown that the hollow bricks are not as good as stone and triangle bricks. This is because most of the hollow bricks are buried by sand after 1 year. Less than the role of the attachment base. In the intertidal zone breeding, the height of the pool wall is very important. When the pool wall is too high, the water exchange volume is small, and the water temperature is high, the seaweed and bait creatures are rotted, resulting in partial oxygen depletion at the bottom of the pool, which results in the death of thorn rot, and the pool wall is too low. When there are large storms, the seedlings are washed out of the pond and cause economic losses. Therefore, when constructing the ginseng pond, you must leave the sluice gate, and construct some breaking cones in the direction towards the outer sea. The cone is cone-shaped and the center diameter is about 1.0m. , set every 5m, the effect of reducing wind waves is quite obvious.
2. The selection of the seedlings The quality of the seedlings is directly related to the growth rate and survival rate of the sea cucumber, and it is better to use the seeds grown in different sea areas. The good seedlings have a clean and non-mucoid body surface; the body is naturally stretched and does not clump, and the flesh is intact and sharp; the vigor is strong, the food intake is large, and the stools are strips.
3. According to the different specifications of the seedlings, different methods of putting the seedlings should be adopted. Generally, there are two kinds of methods for putting the seedlings into account: firstly, the direct seeding is suitable for the large-sized seedlings to be put in, and the returned seedlings can be returned. The seedlings are sprinkled evenly on the waters where the reefs are located. The second is the net bag placement method. It is suitable for the placement of small seedlings of about 1 cm to 2 cm in length. The seeds can be packed into a 20 mesh polyethylene mesh bag, 40 bags each. In 60 bags, a small stone is placed in the bag to prevent the net bag from floating and moving, and is slightly opened and half-opened, evenly placed near the reference reef, allowing the seedlings to slowly climb to the artificial reference reef, which is conducive to improving the survival rate.
4. Cultivation management Although sea cucumbers feed on the sediments of the submarine surface, in the pond culture, due to the high densities of sea cucumber, natural food organisms are scarce, especially in the spring from March to May and after the end of October in the autumn. The water temperature is low, the micro flora and fauna in the water are less, and the water color is clearer, resulting in a serious shortage of food organisms. This is the optimum temperature period for the growth of sea cucumber. Therefore, during this period, the need for the growth of sea cucumbers must be met, and manual labor must be performed. Feeding methods are water soaking the bait for 10 minutes to 15 minutes, and then evenly spilled on the reference reef, and the feeding amount is 3% to 5% of the total weight of the sea cucumber.
5. Day-to-day management considerations Sea cucumber is a narrow-salt animal, summer rain water inflow, rapid decline in pool salinity, can easily cause thorn paralysis, and even death, at the same time, the rainy season to drain the surface of the pond freshwater, and increase Change the amount of water and keep the pool water salinity at 18‰ to 39‰. At the same time, prevent the decay of sea vegetables and seaweed in the pool.
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