We are about to enter the winter solstice in the twenty-four solar terms. Around the winter solstice, the northern region has short days and long nights, the weakest sunlight, low temperature and high humidity, and unfavorable environmental conditions have become "stumbling blocks" for high yield and quality of vegetables.
In addition, winter haze, rain and snow are frequent, the organic nutrients produced by the plants are insufficient, and the growth of vegetables is weak, prone to premature aging and low yield. So, how should the current vegetable growers manage so that they can survive the winter safely without premature aging?
A lot of elements need to be refined
For most vegetables, the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the most needed nutrients during plant growth. According to the current fertilization habits of vegetable farmers, large-element fertilizers are often over-applied. In addition, the winter ground temperature is low, the root system of vegetables is weak, and the absorption of nutrients is small. Excessive application of large-element water-soluble fertilizers will not only damage the roots, but also Will lead to excessive levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, causing soil salinization. Therefore, the application of macro-element fertilizers in winter should be "fine". The "fine" here mainly refers to the following three aspects:
First, the fertilizer should be "precise": that is, choose a water-soluble fertilizer with high absorption and utilization, high nutrient content, and a comprehensive range of large elements. After flushing, the root system absorbs quickly and loses little in the soil, reducing fertilizer waste and environmental pollution, and avoiding soil salinity化.
Second, the soil should be "fine": Don't blindly flush the fertilizer, but fertilize through soil testing. According to the results of soil testing, what is lacking in the soil can be supplemented. Such fertilization can greatly reduce the amount of fertilizer and improve soil fertility.
The third is to "fine" vegetables. Fertilizers are used according to the fertilizer requirements of the vegetables grown. Take tomato as an example. The tomato seedling stage mainly absorbs nitrogen fertilizer. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium requirements at the early stage of flowering and fruiting is close to 5:2:3, and at the peak of the fruit Change to 3.6:1.4:5, so the application of nitrogen fertilizer should be paid attention to before the tomato blossoms, and the application of potassium fertilizer should be paid attention to after the results.
Functional fertilizer takes longer
Functional fertilizers such as microbial agents, chitin, and alginic acid usually do not add additional inorganic nutrients, but have the functions of improving soil, maintaining roots, and supplementing organic nutrients, and can be used as "health products" for vegetables. In order to ensure the effect of use, "health products" must be used consistently throughout the entire growth period of vegetable growth.
Medium element
Middle element refers to the nutrient elements that are inferior to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium but higher than trace elements in the process of vegetable growth, including calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Calcium can promote the formation of cell walls, thereby ensuring the stability of plant tissues. Magnesium is the main component for the formation of chlorophyll and the activator of various enzymes, which can promote the metabolism of fat and nitrogen and the synthesis of vitamins, and improve the quality of vegetables. For the supplement of calcium and magnesium, it is necessary to grasp the word "foot". The foot here is not an excessive application, but an adequate application. Because many fertilizer raw materials or finished products contain sulfur, it is often unnecessary to supplement sulfur in the cultivation of facility vegetables. Mainly to supplement calcium and magnesium.
One is the application of base fertilizer: such as calcium magnesium phosphate, calcium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, etc. It is recommended that vegetable farmers use about 50 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate or calcium nitrate per mu and 10 to 13 kg of magnesium sulfate during the use of base fertilizer.
The second is to choose the right product. When supplementing calcium, choose chelated calcium fertilizer or lignin calcium, or mineral molecular calcium. When supplementing magnesium, magnesium sugar alcohol can be selected, and the effect of foliar absorption is better.
The third is to grasp the application period and location. Calcium and magnesium can be replenished during the whole growing period of vegetables, either by flushing or foliar spraying. The young part of the plant is prone to calcium deficiency, and calcium is not easy to move in the plant. Therefore, when performing foliar calcium supplementation, focus on the young part of the plant, that is, focus on spraying at a distance of 30 cm below the stem tip growth point. At the same time, focus on spraying young fruits.
Take "vaccination", vegetables will not get sick in winter
Vegetable farmers all know that using medicine before or at the beginning of the occurrence of the disease, the effect of disease prevention and control is the best, especially before the cloudy day, before the disease has spread, basically applying the medicine once or twice can prevent the disease, if you wait until the disease breaks out , Even if good medicine is used and the dosage is increased, it is difficult to prevent it completely, and it also increases the humidity in the shed. Therefore, vaccinating vegetables in advance has a good effect on preventing the occurrence of diseases.
When managing, pay special attention to two key locations, the front face of the greenhouse and the air outlet. There is little light on the front face and poor ventilation. It is the most prone place for low temperature and high humidity diseases such as gray mold, downy mildew, and vine blight. The humidity at the air outlet varies greatly, which is conducive to the occurrence of powdery mildew. Vegetable farmers can focus on these two places after pulling the shed in the morning, observe the growth of the plants, and take measures in time to avoid becoming the source of the disease.
Choose fine weather first, spray fungicides or biological pesticides in advance to prevent the occurrence of diseases.
Chemical fungicides: When preventing diseases, choose protective fungicides with a broad bactericidal spectrum, such as chlorothalonil, mancozeb, and copper preparations.
Biological pesticides: Compared with chemical pesticides, the most prominent point of biological pesticides is their high safety and long lasting effect.
Regardless of whether biological pesticides are used to prevent diseases or accidental diseases, it is recommended that vegetable farmers use it continuously, and use it during the entire growth period of vegetables, which can not only reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, but also enhance the resistance of vegetables. Disease, improve the ability of plants to deal with harsh environments, and fundamentally reduce the use of chemical pesticides, which is conducive to the sustainable development of vegetables.
Reasonable watering and fast transportation of nutrients
See soil moisture and water. When the soil moisture content is less than 40%, you need to add water in time. When the soil moisture content is more than 70%, you need to delay watering. Otherwise, not only will it not be conducive to increasing the ground temperature, but it will also easily lead to poor soil air permeability, resulting in hypoxia in the root system. , Causing retting. The general judgment method is to take soil less than 5 cm of the soil, hold it in your hand and form a mass. After the natural mass falls, it needs to be watered. After watering, keep the vegetable rhizosphere soil water content at about 60%.
See growth and watering. By observing the growth of the plants, judge whether watering is needed. If the leaves are curled or wilted, they need to be watered in time.
See ground temperature for watering. Improper watering is an important reason for the drastic changes in ground temperature. In winter, the ground temperature in the shed is usually 15~20℃. If watering is excessive or the timing is wrong, the ground temperature will drop rapidly, causing root damage and affecting the growth of the ground. . Therefore, the best choice for watering in winter is before ten o'clock in the morning, when the ground temperature is similar to the water temperature, to avoid root explosion during watering. If it is to change the stubble in winter, it is recommended to water the shed first to increase the ground temperature, and then plant it, which will help slow the seedling.
Watering depends on the weather. Choose sunny days for watering, and there will be 2~3 days of sunny days after watering, to avoid rainy weather after watering, resulting in increased humidity in the shed, lower ground temperature, and more diseases. If you encounter continuous rainy weather, it is not suitable for watering after a sudden change of fine weather. You should raise the moderate ground temperature of the shed before watering, so that nutrient transportation is fast.
Regulate the environment well
The vegetable grower can pull and release the insulation quilt in time according to the weather conditions, and adjust the size of the air outlet to increase the temperature and reduce the humidity, and create a suitable shed environment to facilitate the growth of vegetables. The specific heat preservation and dehumidification measures have been introduced many times in this newspaper, so I will not go into details here.
In winter, the ground temperature is low, the root vitality decreases, and the nutrient absorption capacity is weak, which will inevitably affect the growth of vegetables, resulting in a decline in yield and quality. It is recommended that vegetable farmers pay attention to raising the ground temperature during the low temperature season, so that the root system can "live well" in order to absorb more nutrients and supply stem The growth of leaves and fruits.
To raise the ground temperature in winter, vegetable farmers can proceed from the following aspects:
Increase the temperature. Keeping the ground temperature at 20-22°C is a suitable temperature for root growth. The height of the ground temperature is closely related to the temperature. Generally speaking, the daytime temperature is 3~5℃ higher than the ground temperature, and the night temperature is 2~3℃ higher than the temperature. That is to say, in the cold winter weather, by pulling the insulation quilt late and putting it early and raising the temperature during the day, it can promote the increase of ground temperature and the maintenance of the ground temperature at night to prevent the night temperature from being too low.
Straw bioreactor. Straw bioreactors are buried in the planting rows before the overwintering or early spring vegetables are planted, which can raise the soil temperature by about 4°C in winter. At the same time, it is recommended that vegetable farmers lay rice husks, broken straws and other organic matter on the operation line, which has a good effect on reducing the humidity in the shed, reducing the frequency of watering, and increasing the ground temperature.
Cover the ground film reasonably. In winter, lay a white or transparent mulch film. This is because light can directly penetrate the mulch film to improve the utilization of light energy by plants and effectively increase the soil temperature. In addition, the mulching film must be arched and covered, which is like adding a small arch shed, which is conducive to the increase of ground temperature.
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